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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic distinguishes connective tissue from epithelia?
Which characteristic distinguishes connective tissue from epithelia?
- Connective tissue is typically found on body surfaces.
- Connective tissue is generally avascular.
- Connective tissue is not supplied by nerves.
- Connective tissue is rarely found on body surfaces. (correct)
What primary components constitute connective tissue?
What primary components constitute connective tissue?
- Ground substance and blood vessels
- Extracellular matrix and cells (correct)
- Epithelial cells and ground substance
- Muscle fibers and nervous tissue
What determines the qualities of different connective tissues?
What determines the qualities of different connective tissues?
- The ratio of cells to extracellular matrix
- The structure of the extracellular matrix (correct)
- The type of blood vessels present
- The number of nerves innervating the tissue
Which components does the ground substance of connective tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) consist of?
Which components does the ground substance of connective tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) consist of?
What happens when glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) join with core proteins?
What happens when glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) join with core proteins?
What is one unique property of hyaluronic acid among the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
What is one unique property of hyaluronic acid among the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?
What is a function of hyaluronidase?
What is a function of hyaluronidase?
Which of the following describes the role of chondroitin sulfate in the body?
Which of the following describes the role of chondroitin sulfate in the body?
What causes periorbital ECM deposition and thyroid eye disease (Exophthalmos)?
What causes periorbital ECM deposition and thyroid eye disease (Exophthalmos)?
What are the two main types of components in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What are the two main types of components in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is a key characteristic of collagen fibers?
What is a key characteristic of collagen fibers?
Which of the following describes reticular fibers?
Which of the following describes reticular fibers?
What function does fibrillin serve in elastic fibers?
What function does fibrillin serve in elastic fibers?
What is the underlying cause of Marfan Syndrome?
What is the underlying cause of Marfan Syndrome?
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
What is the primary function of adipocytes?
What is the primary function of adipocytes?
Which cells are responsible for producing histamine and dilating blood vessels?
Which cells are responsible for producing histamine and dilating blood vessels?
Which major classification best describes embryonic connective tissues?
Which major classification best describes embryonic connective tissues?
What is the key characteristic of mesenchyme, an embryonic connective tissue?
What is the key characteristic of mesenchyme, an embryonic connective tissue?
In what type of tissue are the fibroblasts widely scattered and embedded in a jelly-like ground substance?
In what type of tissue are the fibroblasts widely scattered and embedded in a jelly-like ground substance?
Which of the following is characteristic of loose connective tissue?
Which of the following is characteristic of loose connective tissue?
Which type of loose connective tissue is characterized by adipocytes and functions in insulation, energy storage and temperature control?
Which type of loose connective tissue is characterized by adipocytes and functions in insulation, energy storage and temperature control?
What is a distinguishing feature of dense regular connective tissue?
What is a distinguishing feature of dense regular connective tissue?
What is the main functional role of tendons?
What is the main functional role of tendons?
What describes the key characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
What describes the key characteristics of hyaline cartilage?
What are the names of the rod-shaped units that constitute and compose compact bone?
What are the names of the rod-shaped units that constitute and compose compact bone?
What is the primary difference between compact and spongy bone?
What is the primary difference between compact and spongy bone?
What feature describes spongy bone?
What feature describes spongy bone?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone?
What is the central (Haversian) canal in bone osteons?
What is the central (Haversian) canal in bone osteons?
What causes the hardness of bone?
What causes the hardness of bone?
What describes liquid connective tissue?
What describes liquid connective tissue?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in liquid connective tissue?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes in liquid connective tissue?
How do neutrophils and monocytes combat disease?
How do neutrophils and monocytes combat disease?
Which formed elements are involved in clotting?
Which formed elements are involved in clotting?
What is one of the main functions of the glycosaminoglycan glucosamine?
What is one of the main functions of the glycosaminoglycan glucosamine?
Name a function of a plasma cell?
Name a function of a plasma cell?
Flashcards
Functions of Connective Tissue
Functions of Connective Tissue
Binds, supports, strengthens other body tissues. Transports substances (e.g., blood). Stores energy reserves (e.g., fat/adipose tissue).
Where is connective tissue NOT found?
Where is connective tissue NOT found?
Connective tissue is NOT found on body surfaces, unlike epithelia. Most connective tissues are highly vascular, except cartilage.
Connective Tissue Composition
Connective Tissue Composition
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and Cells.
Composition of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Composition of Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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Source of ECM protein fibres
Source of ECM protein fibres
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Ground Substance Composition
Ground Substance Composition
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Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
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Hyaluronic Acid Function
Hyaluronic Acid Function
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Chondroitin Sulphate
Chondroitin Sulphate
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Keratan Sulphate Location
Keratan Sulphate Location
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Dermatan Sulphate Location
Dermatan Sulphate Location
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Main cause of orbital swelling
Main cause of orbital swelling
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Three Types of Protein Fibres in ECM
Three Types of Protein Fibres in ECM
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Collagen Fibres Function
Collagen Fibres Function
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Common Location of Collagen
Common Location of Collagen
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Reticular Fibres
Reticular Fibres
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Location of Reticular Fibres
Location of Reticular Fibres
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Elastic Fibres
Elastic Fibres
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Elastic Fibres Location
Elastic Fibres Location
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Cause of Marfan Syndrome
Cause of Marfan Syndrome
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Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome
Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome
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Two Common Connective Tissue Cell Types
Two Common Connective Tissue Cell Types
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Fibroblasts Function
Fibroblasts Function
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Adipocytes (fat cells) Function
Adipocytes (fat cells) Function
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Macrophages
Macrophages
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Plasma cells
Plasma cells
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Mast cells
Mast cells
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Leucocytes
Leucocytes
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Classification of Connective Tissue
Classification of Connective Tissue
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Function of Mesenchyme (embryonic)
Function of Mesenchyme (embryonic)
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Function of Mucous CT
Function of Mucous CT
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Categories of Mature Connective tissues
Categories of Mature Connective tissues
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Types of Loose Connective Tissue
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
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Fibres in Areolar Connective Tissue
Fibres in Areolar Connective Tissue
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Function of Areolar CT
Function of Areolar CT
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Adipose Tissue characteristics
Adipose Tissue characteristics
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Adipose Function
Adipose Function
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Dense regular CT
Dense regular CT
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Cartilage sub-types
Cartilage sub-types
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Hyaline Cartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
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Two different types of bone tissues
Two different types of bone tissues
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Study Notes
- Connective tissue binds, supports, and strengthens body tissues
- It is a major transport system with blood and a site for energy reserves like fat or adipose tissue
Features of Connective Tissues Contrast with Epithelia
- Connective tissue isn't on body surfaces, unlike epithelia
- Cartilage and tendons show exceptions - cartilage is avascular, while tendons have minimal blood supply
- Connective tissue is usually highly vascular
- Connective tissue, like epithelia, is supplied by nerves, but cartilage is an exception
Connective Tissue Composition
- Connective tissue is composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) and cells
- CT = ECM + Cells
Extracellular Matrix Composition
- ECM consists of ground substance (GS) and protein fibers
- ECM = GS + Fibres
- Protein fibers in the ECM are secreted by the cells in the ECM/CT
- ECM structure dictates connective tissue qualities
- Cartilage has a firm and rubbery ECM, while bone has a hard and inflexible ECM
Ground Substance
- Ground substance, a component of the ECM, is a mixture containing: water, proteins (like gelatin), and polysaccharides (sugars)
- GS = H2O + proteins + polysaccharides
- The sugars consists of Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS or mucopolysaccharides)
- GAGS join with core proteins, which forms proteoglycans
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS)
- Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) "mucopolysaccharides" are long, unbranched polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units
- N acetylglucosamine is an example of an amino sugar
- glucuronic acid is an example of a Uronic sugar
GAG Examples
- Sulfated GAGs like dermatan sulfate, heparin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate bind to core proteins to form proteoglycans (PGs)
- Hyaluronic acid is a non-sulphated GAG example
- Hyaluronic acid does not bind directly to the protein backbone but links to various PGs
Hyaluronic Acid
- Hyaluronic acid is unusual because it is not sulphated or covalently bound to a core protein
- Due to its polar nature to collectively trap water, creating a jelly-like ground substance
GAG functions
- Hyaluronic Acid binds cells, lubricates joints, and maintains the shape of the eyeball
- Hyaluronidase breaks down ground substance, making it more liquid and is produced by white blood cells, sperm, and some bacteria to facilitate sperm access to the egg
GAGs Application
- Chondroitin Sulphate supports and provides adhesive features in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels
- Keratan Sulphate exists Found in bone, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye
- Dermatan Sulphate exists Found in skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves
- Abnormal ECM ground substance leads to the deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of water increasing the orbital contents
Abnormal Periorbital ECM
- Abnormal Periorbital ECM and Thyroid Disease (Exophthalmos) is more common in younger women
- Goitre and swelling of the thyroid gland occurs
- Autoimmune over-activation of thyroid causes Goitre
- Autoimmune action on fibroblasts in ECM of eye causes exophthalmos
- The deposition of glycosaminoglycans and the influx of water increase the orbital contents
ECM Composition
- ECM is composed of ground substance and protein fibers
Types of Connective Tissue Fibres
- There are 3 different types of connective tissue fibres in the extracellular matrix (ECM): collagen fibers, reticular fibres and elastic fibres
- Proteins secreted by the cells in ECM are made of protein fibers
Collagen
- Composed of thick collagen fibers, connective tissue is strong but flexible to resist pulling forces
- Collagen features vary, such as in cartilage where there is more water content compared to bone
- Collagen makes up 25% of abundant protein of the body
- It's found in bone, cartilages, tendons, and ligaments and is arranged in parallel bundles
Reticular fibres
- Consists of composed of coating Glycoprotein collagen, in fine bundles with glycoprotein
- Made by fibroblasts
- Gives support and strength
- Forms part of the basement membrane
- Thinner, branching spreads through tissue and adipose tissue, nerve fibres, and smooth muscle tissues
Elastic fibres
- Elastic fibres are thinner than collagen fibres, are made of Fibrous network
- The protein elastin is covered by the glycoprotein fibrillin, this gives more strength and stability
- It can be stretched to 150% without breaking, and is found in skin, blood vessels, and lung
Marfan Syndrome: Genetic Connective Tissue Disorder
- The disease stems from a dominant mutation on chromosome 15, impacting the fibrillin gene
- Fibrillin, a glycoprotein (350 kDa), provides structural support for elastin
- The body produces Transforming Growth Factor beta(TGFb) which increasing growth because it does not bind normally to fibrillin to keep it inactive (theory)
- This condition occurs in 1 in 20,000 live births
Marfan Features
- Usually tall, long limbed, and often with a chest deformity (e.g. protruding or collapsed sternum)
- With medical vigilance to control blood pressure patients will hopefully have a normal life span
- Weakened heart valves and arterial walls
Connective Tissue Cells
- Two common types are fibroblasts and adipocytes
Fibroblasts
- Key Functions: secretes the matrix with fibers and ground substance
- Primary Location: widely distributed in connective tissues; migratory
Adipocytes
- Key Functions: store fat (triglycerides)
- Primary Location: under the skin and around organs
Other cells found in Solid CT
- Macrophages (Histiocytes); phagocytic cells fixed and wandering forms in connective tissues (CT), Wandering in CT: sites of infection/inflammation/ injury
- Plasma cells; From B-lymphocyte produce antibodies
- Mast cells; Produce histamine that dilates vessels
- Leukocytes; migrate out from blood
Classification of Connective Tissue
- Classification:
- Embryonic
- Mature
Embryonic Connective Tissues
- Mesenchyme embryonic Tissue consists of connective tissue cells (mesenchymal cells) in a semi-fluid ground substance containing reticular fibres
- Mucous CT is a Tissue with widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in jelly-like ground substance that supports the umbilical cord of foetus.
Mature Connective Tissues
- Fluid, Supportive and Proper
- Five variations will be reviewed
Loose Connective Tissue: Areolar
- Key Features: presence of collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
- Key Functions:Provides strength, Elasticity, and Support
- Primary Location: widely distributed around almost every structure. Like a “packing material".
Loose Connective Tissue: Adipose
- Sub-type: Adipose
- Key Features: Adipocytes , Central triglyceride droplet
- Insulates and is a temperature control that is an energy source
- Primary Location: Found with areolar connective tissue (incl. fibroblasts). Buttocks; flanks; abdomen; orbit of eye.
- White adipose (energy storage) and Brown adipose (heat production)
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- Structures formed from them Tendons (muscle to bone); Ligaments (bone to bone); aponeuroses (muscle to muscle)
- Collagen fibres are not a living tissue.
- Regularly arranged collagen such as tendons (pulling along the fibre axis) that has Shiny white colour.
- Slow healing but with good Attachment.
- Made of many fibres fewer cells
Supporting CT: Hyaline Cartilage
- Primarily located at anterior ends of ribs; respiratory cartilage – i.e. nose, trachea, bronchi, the Nasal septum, ends of long bones.
- Abundant. and Relatively weak but with resilient gel in which fibres are present but not obvious
- Offers good Flexibility and movement.
- Dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
CT: Bone
- Compact bone is the Outer layer of bone and forms the shaft of long bones
- Cortical bone is made of rod-shaped units which are either Osteons or Haversian systems
- Spongy bone is the Porous inner bone tissue that lies underneath compact bone
- Bone is also known as Cancellous bone and they Lacks osteons
Compact Bone
- Has osteons that Store calcium and phosphorous in bone which gives Protection & support
- Spongy compact bone lacks osteons while and produces blood cells red marrow) and stores triglycerides (yellow marrow).
Bone cells
- Four cell types are found in bone and is all the detail need to know bone
Osteogenic
- Mesenchymal stem cells that develop, starts to lay down collagen and becomes Osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
- Lay down more collagen and mineralization process starts.
Osteocytes
- Mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts trapped within the extracellular matrix and Involved in exchange of nutrients and wastes. Have gap junctions.
Osteoclasts
- Large, Multinucleated cells that are Formed from the fusion of blood monocytes and Break-down bone
Osteon (Haversian Systems) Structure
- Composed of four parts
- The basic unit of compact bone is the osteon
Structure: Lamellae
- Made of concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness with calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide that together form hydroxyapatite
- Also composed of collagen for tensile strength
Structure: Lacunae
- They consists of small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes
Structure: Canaliculi
- "Minute canals" contains EC fluid and minute osteocytic processes that radiate from lacunae which provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste
Structure: Central (Haversian) canal
- Has blood, and nerves
Bone Fracture: Remodeling
- Osteoclasts reabsorb dead bone
- Chondroblasts form hyaline cartilage callus
- Osteoblasts lay down new bone
- Osteoclasts remodel new bone
5. Liquid Connective Tissue
- Consists of blood plasma and formed elements, notably the red cells, white cells and platelets
- (Blood CT=ECM (plasma) + Cells)
Blood: Formed Elements
- Erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Leukocytes fight off combat disease:
- Neutrophils and monocytes, phagocytic engulfing bacteria
- Basophils mobile and Mast cells tissues are released substance’s intensifies it reaction
- Eosinophils are involved in acute allergic response and are parasitic
- Leukocytes or Lymphocytes
- Platelets are involved from megakaryocytes in red marrow with good clotting.
- Connective tissue has both cells and matrix between them
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