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Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is NOT true of connective tissue?
Which characteristic is NOT true of connective tissue?
Which type of connective tissue is found primarily in the skin and under epithelial tissues?
Which type of connective tissue is found primarily in the skin and under epithelial tissues?
Which connective tissue type primarily forms ligaments and tendons?
Which connective tissue type primarily forms ligaments and tendons?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by having a glassy appearance and scattered fibers throughout its matrix?
Which type of cartilage is characterized by having a glassy appearance and scattered fibers throughout its matrix?
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Which function of bones involves the creation of blood cells within the medullary cavity?
Which function of bones involves the creation of blood cells within the medullary cavity?
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Which of the following is NOT classified under connective tissue proper?
Which of the following is NOT classified under connective tissue proper?
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What is the primary function of mucous connective tissue?
What is the primary function of mucous connective tissue?
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Where is fibrocartilage primarily located in the human body?
Where is fibrocartilage primarily located in the human body?
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What type of cartilage is found in structures like the ear and epiglottis due to its elastic properties?
What type of cartilage is found in structures like the ear and epiglottis due to its elastic properties?
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Which connective tissue type functions to bind articulating bones together?
Which connective tissue type functions to bind articulating bones together?
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Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of bones?
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What characteristic allows connective tissue to reproduce, albeit at a slower rate compared to epithelial cells?
What characteristic allows connective tissue to reproduce, albeit at a slower rate compared to epithelial cells?
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Which of the following connective tissues does NOT typically have a good blood supply?
Which of the following connective tissues does NOT typically have a good blood supply?
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What is the primary composition of bone tissue that gives it rigidity?
What is the primary composition of bone tissue that gives it rigidity?
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Which type of cartilage mainly supports structures like the trachea due to its clear ground substance?
Which type of cartilage mainly supports structures like the trachea due to its clear ground substance?
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Which of the following accurately describes calcified cartilage?
Which of the following accurately describes calcified cartilage?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
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Which of the following components constitutes the majority of blood plasma?
Which of the following components constitutes the majority of blood plasma?
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What role do leukocytes play in the body?
What role do leukocytes play in the body?
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What is a primary role of thrombocytes in the blood?
What is a primary role of thrombocytes in the blood?
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Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is true?
Which of the following statements about erythrocytes is true?
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Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in blood plasma?
Which of the following substances is NOT typically found in blood plasma?
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Which function is NOT associated with blood?
Which function is NOT associated with blood?
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What is the typical range for a healthy adult’s platelet count?
What is the typical range for a healthy adult’s platelet count?
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Which of the following statements about compact bone is true?
Which of the following statements about compact bone is true?
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What is a key function of trabecular (spongy) bone?
What is a key function of trabecular (spongy) bone?
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Which type of bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass?
Which type of bone accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass?
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What role do bones play in acid-base balance?
What role do bones play in acid-base balance?
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What are Haversian canals primarily associated with?
What are Haversian canals primarily associated with?
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Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting disease?
Which type of blood cell is primarily responsible for fighting disease?
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Bone tissues can detoxify the blood by:
Bone tissues can detoxify the blood by:
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Which of the following components is NOT a type of bone cavity?
Which of the following components is NOT a type of bone cavity?
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Study Notes
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue binds structures, provides a framework and support for organs and the body, stores fat, transports substances, protects against disease, and helps repair tissue damage.
- It is found throughout the body.
- Characterized by an abundance of intercellular matrix with few cells.
- Connective tissue is able to reproduce, but not as quickly as epithelial cells.
- Most connective tissues have a good blood supply, but some do not.
- Originates from the middle germ layer (mesoderm).
- Cells do not rest on a basement membrane.
Classification of Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue (CT) is classified according to the type of ground substance into:
- CT Proper
- Skeletal CT
- Vascular CT
Connective Tissue Proper
- Types of CT proper:
- Areolar connective tissue
- Fibrous connective tissue
- Elastic connective tissue
- Reticular connective tissue
- Mucous connective tissue
- Adipose connective tissue
Skeletal Connective Tissue
- Skeletal connective tissue is a type of connective tissue that forms the internal skeleton, supporting the body and attaching to muscles.
- The internal skeletal system consists of rigid (bone) or semi-rigid (cartilage) structures.
- Bone: rigid, mineralized, and ossified structures connected by ligaments and connected to the muscular system via tendons.
- Cartilage: semi-rigid, not ossified structures, supporting the human ear and nose.
- Sharks are composed entirely of cartilage and do not have calcified bones.
Cartilage
- Cartilage is a type of dense connective tissue composed of collagen fibers and/or elastin fibers + cartilage cells (chondrocytes).
- Found in joints, rib cage, ear, nose, and bronchial tubes.
- Types of cartilage include:
- Elastic cartilage
- Hyaline cartilage
- Fibrocartilage
Hyaline Cartilage
- Contains fibers scattered throughout the matrix, which looks glassy.
- Has a clear ground substance with chondrocytes in lacunae.
- Essential for endochondral development of bone.
- Found in the trachea.
Elastic Cartilage
- Similar to hyaline cartilage but contains elastic fibers (elastin) throughout the matrix.
- Found in the ear (pinna) and auditory (Eustachian) tubes, larynx, and epiglottis.
- Keeps these tubes permanently open.
Fibrocartilage
- Very fibrous.
- Found between the vertebrae of the spinal column.
- Also includes calcified cartilage, with calcium salts deposited.
- Found in the xiphisternum of the toad.
Bone
- Bones are rigid connective organs making up the skeleton of vertebrates.
- Primarily composed of osseous tissue (bone tissue) that gives rigidity.
- Functions of bones include:
- Protection of internal organs (e.g., skull protecting the brain, ribs protecting the heart and lungs)
- Providing shape and support to the body
- Blood production: marrow located in the medullary cavity of long bones and cancellous bone produces blood vessels in a process called hematopoiesis
- Mineral storage: bones store minerals important for the body, mostly calcium and phosphorus.
- Movement: musculoskeletal system (bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joints) function together to generate and transfer forces so the body can move.
- Acid-base balance: bones buffer blood against excessive pH changes by absorbing or releasing alkaline salts
- Detoxification: bones store heavy metals and foreign elements, removing them from the blood and reducing their effects on other tissues and releasing them for excretion
- Sound transduction: bones are crucial for mechanical aspects of hearing
Types of Bones
- Compact bone
- Trabecular (spongy) bone
Compact Bone
- The hard outer layer of bones, composed of compact bone tissues with minimal gaps and spaces.
- Gives bones their smooth, white, and solid appearance.
- Makes up 80% of the total bone mass in an adult skeleton.
- Also called dense bone or cortical bone.
Trabecular (Spongy) Bone
- Fills the interior of bones.
- Consists of a network of rod- and plate-like elements called cancellous or spongy bone.
- Lighter and allows room for blood vessels and marrow.
- Accounts for the remaining 20% of total bone mass but has a much larger surface area than compact bone.
Cavities in Bone
- Haversian canals
- Marrow cavities
- Lacunae
Vascular (Fluid) Connective Tissue
- Includes blood and lymph.
Blood
- A connective tissue originating from bones.
- Composed of a fluid called plasma with several cell types suspended in it.
- Cellular constituents include:
- Red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry respiratory gases and give blood its red color.
- White blood cells (leukocytes): fight disease.
- Platelets (thrombocytes): cell fragments important for blood clotting.
- Functions of blood:
- Supply of oxygen to tissues.
- Supply of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids).
- Removal of waste (carbon dioxide, urea, lactic acid).
- Immunological function (circulation of white cells and detection of foreign material by antibodies).
- Coagulation (self-repair mechanism).
- Messenger functions (transport of hormones and signaling of tissue damage).
- Regulating of body pH.
- Regulating of core body temperature
Blood Structure
- Cellular components (45%):
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
- Leukocytes (white blood cells)
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
- Plasma (55%)
- Erythrocytes (R.B.Cs): 4.7 – 6.1 million (male), 4.2 – 5.4 million (female) - lack nucleus in mammals. Contain hemoglobin
- Leukocytes (W.B.Cs): 4,000 – 11,000. Part of immune system destroying and removing cells. Attack pathogens.
- Thrombocytes (platelets): 200,000 – 500,000. Responsible for blood clotting. Change fibrinogen into fibrin.
Blood Plasma
- A fluid medium appearing golden-yellow in color; about 92% water and 8% blood plasma proteins (serum albumin, blood clotting factors, immunoglobulins/antibodies, hormones, etc.)
- Serum is plasma from which clotting proteins have been removed. Important proteins in serum are albumin, and immunoglobulins.
Lymph
- A complex network of lymph nodes, lymph ducts, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic capillaries and lymph vessels.
- Produces and transports lymph fluid from tissues to the circulatory system.
- A major component of the immune system.
- Functions:
- Removal of excess fluids from body tissues.
- Absorption of fatty acids and transport of fat to the circulatory system.
- Production of immune cells such as lymphocytes and monocytes.
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Description
Test your knowledge on connective tissue, its classifications, and functions. This quiz covers various types of connective tissue, their characteristics, and significance in the human body. Let's see how well you understand this crucial biological subject!
