Connective Tissue Overview

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Questions and Answers

What structural feature of macrophages is observed under an electron microscope?

  • Smooth surface without projections
  • Small, circular openings on the surface
  • Numerous folds and finger-like projections (correct)
  • Uniform round shape with no indentations

How do plasma cells originate?

  • From T-lymphocytes
  • From macrophages
  • From B-lymphocytes (correct)
  • From pre-existing plasma cells

What characteristic is used to describe the nucleus of plasma cells?

  • Flat and elongated
  • Large and irregular
  • Round and eccentric (correct)
  • Small and centered

Which term best describes the appearance of the nucleus in plasma cells?

<p>Clock-faced (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the folds observed on macrophages?

<p>Engulfing substances for phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of connective tissue?

<p>Support and movement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue is characterized by a loose arrangement of fibers?

<p>Loose CT (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which category are fibroblasts categorized in connective tissue?

<p>Fixed/Resident cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

<p>Provides structural support and binds cells together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which connective tissue type is primarily responsible for energy storage?

<p>Adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

<p>They provide structural support to tissues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From which type of cells are fibroblasts derived?

<p>Mesenchymal cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of fibroblasts under a microscope?

<p>Large, ovoid, euchromatic nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fibers do fibroblasts deploy along?

<p>Collagen fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which other cell types are closely associated with fibroblasts in the connective tissue?

<p>Macrophage-like cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the structure of eosinophils?

<p>Round with a bilobed nucleus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions associated with eosinophils?

<p>Fighting parasitic infections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of connective tissue fiber is NOT mentioned in the context of the extracellular matrix?

<p>Muscle fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of eosinophils, what percentage of leukocytes do they compose?

<p>1-4% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ground substance play in the extracellular matrix?

<p>Acts as a fluid medium for nutrient transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eosinophils?

<p>High number in healthy individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the extracellular matrix primarily supports cells?

<p>Ground substance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary association of eosinophils in the immune response?

<p>Allergic reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fibrocytes?

<p>Maintaining connective tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for antigen processing and presentation in the epidermis of the skin?

<p>Langerhans cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osteoclasts are primarily involved in what function?

<p>Digestion of bone matrix (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macrophage is located in the liver?

<p>Kupffer cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes active fibroblasts from quiescent fibrocytes?

<p>Presence of a prominent nucleolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Microglial cells have a specific role in which part of the body?

<p>Central nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common function of both dendritic cells and Langerhans cells?

<p>Antigen processing and presentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In connective tissue, multinuclear giant cells primarily function in what way?

<p>Segregation and digestion of foreign bodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural feature differentiates fibrocytes from fibroblasts?

<p>Activity level of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of macrophage is found in lymph nodes and spleen?

<p>Dendritic cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of plasma cells in the humoral immune system?

<p>Production of antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural killer (NK) cells are best known for their ability to:

<p>Kill virus-infected and tumor cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cell type is primarily involved in the modulation of mast cell activities?

<p>Eosinophilic leukocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do neutrophilic leukocytes serve in the immune response?

<p>Phagocytosis of foreign substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mast cells release granules that primarily contribute to which type of immune reaction?

<p>Hypersensitivity reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions accurately represents macrophages?

<p>They are responsible for antigen processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The secretion of cytokines by neutrophilic leukocytes serves to:

<p>Enhance the inflammatory response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes natural killer (NK) cells from other lymphocytes?

<p>They are programmed to kill specific cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role is NOT associated with eosinophilic leukocytes?

<p>Phagocytosis of bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mast cells in the immune response?

<p>Secretion of histamines and active mediators (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Macrophage

A type of white blood cell that engulfs and destroys foreign substances.

Electron Microscope view of Macrophage

Shows numerous folds and finger-like projections, which are used to engulf substances.

Phagocytosis

The process where a cell engulfs and digests foreign substances.

Lymphocytes

Another type of white blood cell involved in the immune response.

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Plasma Cell

A type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies.

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Connective Tissue

A type of tissue that supports, binds, and connects other tissues in the body.

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Fixed/Resident Cells

Cells permanently within connective tissue, performing various functions like supporting and maintaining tissue.

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Loose Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue with a network of fibers and cells, supporting and surrounding other tissues.

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Extracellular Matrix

A non-cellular component surrounding connective tissue cells, giving support and strength.

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Connective Tissue Functions

Support, movement, transport of fluids, protection, binding to other tissues, and energy storage.

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Fibroblast Function

The principal cell type in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix.

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Fibroblast Location

Found in all types of connective tissues throughout the body.

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Fibroblast Origin

Derived from mesenchymal cells, a type of stem cell.

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Fibroblast Structure

Large, ovoid cells with a prominent, euchromatic nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm.

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Fibroblasts & Collagen

Fibroblasts are positioned along collagen fibers within the connective tissue.

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Fibrocyte vs. Fibroblast

Fibrocytes are the quiescent, less abundant form of fibroblast cells

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Macrophage function

Macrophages play roles in inflammation, antigen processing, and presentation

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Kupffer cell

Macrophage type in the Liver

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Microglial cell

Macrophage type in the Central Nervous System

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Langerhans cell location

Found in the epidermis of the skin

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Dendritic cell function

Antigen processing and presentation in lymph nodes and spleen

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Osteoclast origin

Fusion of macrophages

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Osteoclast function

Digestion of bone matrix

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Macrophage Size

Larger than Fibrocytes

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Macrophage Cytoplasm

Large and ovoid, euchromatic nucleus, basophilic

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Eosinophil Function

Associated with allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and chronic inflammation.

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Eosinophil Structure

Round with a bilobed nucleus and pink, coarse, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules.

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Adipocyte Function

Storage of neutral fats and energy reservoir, heat production.

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Extracellular Matrix Function

Provides structure and support to tissues. Part of ECM located between cells. Contains ground substance, basement membrane, and fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic).

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Ground Substance Composition

Part of the extracellular matrix, located between cells and fibers.

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Mast Cell Composition

A specific type of cell that plays a part in tissue composition.

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Leukocytes Percentages

Eosinophils comprise 1-4% of leukocytes.

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Mast Cell function

A cell that plays a part in tissue composition, particularly in relation to allergies and histamine.

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NK cells

Natural killer cells that kill virus-infected cells and tumors.

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Plasma cells

Mature B cells that produce antibodies.

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Humoral Immune System

Part of the immune system that uses antibodies to fight infections.

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Eosinophils

Leukocytes involved in allergic reactions and modulating mast cells.

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Neutrophils

Leukocytes that phagocytose bacteria and foreign substances.

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Macrophages

Cells that engulf and destroy debris and pathogens, also process and present antigens.

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Mast Cells

Leukocytes that release granules causing allergic reactions.

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Lymphocytes

Diverse cells that are part of the immune system, including B cells and T cells.

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Antibodies

Proteins produced by plasma cells that help fight infections.

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Phagocytosis

The process of engulfing and destroying foreign substances by cells like neutrophils and macrophages.

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Study Notes

Connective Tissue

  • Connective tissue is derived from embryonic mesenchyme
  • There are two main categories: connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue
  • Connective tissue has a variety of functions, including support, transport, protection, and energy storage.

General Structure

  • Fixed Resident Cells:
    • Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
    • Fibroblasts
    • Adipocytes
    • Macrophages
  • Free Wandering Cells:
    • Plasma cells
    • Neutrophils
    • Eosinophils
    • Basophils
    • Monocytes
    • Mast cells

Extracellular Matrix

  • Contains collagen, elastin and reticular fibers, ground substance, and tissue fluid
  • Ground substance is a viscous, gel-like substance that contains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins.

Specialized Connective Tissue

  • Adipose tissue: stores fat
  • Cartilage: provides support and flexibility
  • Bone: provides strong support
  • Blood: transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.

Classification

  • Connective Tissue Proper:

    • Loose connective tissue: forms layers beneath epithelial cells, fills spaces between organs and tissues
    • Dense connective tissue:
      • Dense irregular connective tissue: densely packed, interwoven collagen fibers
      • Dense regular connective tissue: collagen fibers oriented in parallel

  • Specialized Connective Tissues:

    • Cartilage
    • Bone
    • Blood
    • Adipose tissue
    • Hematopoietic tissue

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