Term 1 Biomedical Sciences Quiz 2

• Connective tissue comprises water, cells, and the extracellular matrix.

Fibroblasts

• Large fixed cells with irregular processes that secrete a non-rigid extracellular matrix, collagen, and fibres.

Lamina Propria

• Made up of Areolar connective tissue

Mast Cells

• Fixed connective tissue cells contain heparin and histamine granules, playing a key role in the inflammatory process of the immune system.

Collagen Fibres

• The most prevalent fibres in connective tissue.

Connective Tissue Functions

• Supports and connects tissues and body parts.
• Provides strength for mechanical stress and immunity.
• Provides insulation and storage for fat, water, and ions.
• Elastic tissue is not a loose connective tissue.
• Adipose is not a specialised connective tissue.

Fibrocartilage

• The type of cartilage found in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint.

Dense Regular Tissue

• The type of connective tissue found in ligaments and tendons.

Digestive Tract Accessory Organs

• Salivary glands, pancreas, and liver involved in digestive process.

Digestive Tract Walls

• Formed by adventitia (serosa), muscle layer, and mucosa.

Ablation

• Not an activity of the digestive system

Digestion

• Involves mechanical and chemical food breakdown.
• The majority of absorption occurs in the jejunum.
• The large intestine absorbs vitamin K and certain B vitamins.

Large Intestine Functions

• Water and electrolytes are absorbed.
• Bacteria synthesizes Vitamin K and folic acid.
• White blood cells are not made.

Liver

• The largest solid organ in the body
• Plays an important role in detoxification.
• Secretes bile, which accumulates in the gall bladder between meals.
• Glucose is not stored by the liver in the form of glucagon.

Salivary Glands

• Submandibular glands: at the angle of the jaw, open into the floor of the mouth, source 70% of saliva
• Sublingual glands: in front of the submandibular pair, open into the floor of the mouth, source 5% of saliva.
• Statements about the stomach.
• The pyloric sphincter does not separate the stomach from the oesophagus.

Enzymes

• Amylase converts starch into maltose.
• Protease converts proteins into amino acids.
• Lipase converts lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

Heart Rate and Metabolic Rate

• Do not slow down in response to adrenaline

Hormones and Insulin

• Insulin does not convert glycogen to glucose for energy.
• Insulin promotes glucose storage by increasing the conversion of glucose as glycogen.

Insulin

• Reduces blood glucose levels.
• Regulates blood glucose and other absorbed nutrients.

Noradrenaline

• Influences the diameter of blood vessels.
• The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline.
• The anterior pituitary gland secretes various hormones except antidiuretic hormone.
• The endocrine system is concerned with homeostasis and does not comprise a number of glands with ducts.

Fight or Flight Reflex

• Initiated in response to acute stress.
• The hypothalamus connects to the pituitary gland without a duct.
• The pituitary and hypothalamus regulate the activity of most other endocrine glands.
• The pituitary gland and hypothalamus work together as a unit, forming a negative feedback regulation system.
• Cortisone is not secreted by the thyroid gland.
• Hormones transport to their target tissues via the bloodstream, not the lymph.
• Glucocorticoids are essential for life

T-lymphocytes

• Involved in cell-mediated immunity.
• Thymosin is needed for the development of T-lymphocytes.
• Thymosin production does not increase as one get older

Atrial Systole

• Does not account for most ventricular filling.

Cardiac Muscle Fibres

• Uninucleate, striated, branched, and contain intercalated discs.
• Not multinucleate with an irregular actin and myosin arrangement, also not long/cylindrical.
• Foetal circulation blood bypasses the lungs in the foetal circulation, passing from the right atrium to the left atrium via the foramen ovale.

Blood Pressure

• In a blood pressure reading of 120/80mmHg, 80 indicates diastolic pressure, not systolic.
• The circulatory system includes the pulmonary circulation.
• The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the body's cells.

Arteries

• Elastic layer allows them to stretch and recoil.
• The inferior vena cava does not drain the upper half and limbs of the body.
• The pulmonary vein returns oxygenated blood to the heart.
• Arterial walls are thicker than venous walls because arteries transport blood at higher pressure.
• Venous return to the heart is aided by skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps.
• Aortic and pulmonary valves would be open during ventricular systole.