Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of cell is known for secreting histamine and acts as a natural anticoagulant?
Which type of cell is known for secreting histamine and acts as a natural anticoagulant?
- Fibroblasts
- Adipose cells
- Mast cells (correct)
- Plasma cells
What is a primary function of white adipose tissue?
What is a primary function of white adipose tissue?
- Antigen presentation
- Energy depot (storage of fat) (correct)
- Heat insulation
- Rapid heat production
Which cells originate from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and mature into plasma cells?
Which cells originate from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and mature into plasma cells?
- Eosinophils
- B-lymphocytes (correct)
- Mast cells
- Macrophages
Which connective tissue provides the major structural support for the body?
Which connective tissue provides the major structural support for the body?
What is the primary function of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)?
What is the primary function of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)?
Where is brown adipose tissue most commonly found in newborns?
Where is brown adipose tissue most commonly found in newborns?
What characteristic is NOT associated with plasma cells?
What characteristic is NOT associated with plasma cells?
What characterizes the capillary supply in brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
What characterizes the capillary supply in brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
Which staining method would reveal the granules of mast cells due to their sulfated glycosaminoglycans content?
Which staining method would reveal the granules of mast cells due to their sulfated glycosaminoglycans content?
What type of connective tissue is typically involved in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts?
What type of connective tissue is typically involved in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts?
What type of cells are responsible for presenting antigens in connective tissue?
What type of cells are responsible for presenting antigens in connective tissue?
Which cell type is characterized by the presence of large electron-dense granules and is involved in allergic responses?
Which cell type is characterized by the presence of large electron-dense granules and is involved in allergic responses?
What role do mucinous cells play in connective tissue?
What role do mucinous cells play in connective tissue?
Which of the following cells is NOT typically classified as a type of blood leucocyte?
Which of the following cells is NOT typically classified as a type of blood leucocyte?
How does the extracellular matrix contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?
How does the extracellular matrix contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?
What is a characteristic feature of brown adipose tissue in terms of its lobules?
What is a characteristic feature of brown adipose tissue in terms of its lobules?
What is a distinguishing feature of loose connective tissue?
What is a distinguishing feature of loose connective tissue?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily represented by parallel collagenous bundles?
Which type of connective tissue is primarily represented by parallel collagenous bundles?
What role do antibodies play in the immune response?
What role do antibodies play in the immune response?
What are melanosomes?
What are melanosomes?
What is the primary type of blood leukocyte involved in allergic reactions?
What is the primary type of blood leukocyte involved in allergic reactions?
What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue?
What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue?
In what histological context do monocytes and lymphocytes typically accumulate?
In what histological context do monocytes and lymphocytes typically accumulate?
What is the primary feature of adipose connective tissue?
What is the primary feature of adipose connective tissue?
Which characteristic differentiates brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?
Which characteristic differentiates brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?
What is a primary role of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is a primary role of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
Where is white adipose tissue typically concentrated in adult females?
Where is white adipose tissue typically concentrated in adult females?
Which function is unique to brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
Which function is unique to brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
What distinguishes Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord?
What distinguishes Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord?
Which statement about connective tissue growth factors is accurate?
Which statement about connective tissue growth factors is accurate?
What unique feature do young fibroblasts exhibit in the mucinous connective tissue?
What unique feature do young fibroblasts exhibit in the mucinous connective tissue?
What is a major component that contributes to the viscosity of the extracellular matrix?
What is a major component that contributes to the viscosity of the extracellular matrix?
What characteristic is associated with mast cells in connective tissue?
What characteristic is associated with mast cells in connective tissue?
Which anatomical locations are plasma cells more commonly found?
Which anatomical locations are plasma cells more commonly found?
Which statement correctly distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells?
Which statement correctly distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells?
What is a major characteristic used to identify plasma cells histologically?
What is a major characteristic used to identify plasma cells histologically?
Which chemical mediator is secreted by mast cells and plays a role in attracting other immune cells?
Which chemical mediator is secreted by mast cells and plays a role in attracting other immune cells?
Which statement about undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) is NOT correct?
Which statement about undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) is NOT correct?
What defines the staining property of mast cell granules under Hx & E staining?
What defines the staining property of mast cell granules under Hx & E staining?
What is the morphological feature that distinguishes free macrophages in connective tissue?
What is the morphological feature that distinguishes free macrophages in connective tissue?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by being widely distributed and containing collagenous and elastic fibers?
What type of connective tissue is characterized by being widely distributed and containing collagenous and elastic fibers?
What type of macrophage is responsible for engulfing melanin in the choroid of the eye?
What type of macrophage is responsible for engulfing melanin in the choroid of the eye?
Which type of connective tissue contains reticular cells and fibers that form a network?
Which type of connective tissue contains reticular cells and fibers that form a network?
In which part of the body would you typically find yellow elastic connective tissue?
In which part of the body would you typically find yellow elastic connective tissue?
Which type of connective tissue is described as gelatinous and capable of forming false cavities?
Which type of connective tissue is described as gelatinous and capable of forming false cavities?
What primarily distinguishes the structural characteristics of white fibrous connective tissue?
What primarily distinguishes the structural characteristics of white fibrous connective tissue?
Which blood leukocyte is most likely to accumulate in the connective tissue during an acute infection?
Which blood leukocyte is most likely to accumulate in the connective tissue during an acute infection?
What is the primary structural component found in the stroma of parenchymatous organs like the spleen and liver?
What is the primary structural component found in the stroma of parenchymatous organs like the spleen and liver?
What role does brown adipose tissue play in newborn infants?
What role does brown adipose tissue play in newborn infants?
How does the distribution of white adipose tissue differ between males and females?
How does the distribution of white adipose tissue differ between males and females?
What characterizes the lobules of brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
What characterizes the lobules of brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What distinguishes the matrix of mucinous connective tissue?
What distinguishes the matrix of mucinous connective tissue?
Describe the role of Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord.
Describe the role of Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord.
How do antigen-presenting cells contribute to the immune response in connective tissue?
How do antigen-presenting cells contribute to the immune response in connective tissue?
In what way do fibroblasts influence the properties of connective tissue?
In what way do fibroblasts influence the properties of connective tissue?
What is the role of melanosomes in connective tissue?
What is the role of melanosomes in connective tissue?
How does loose connective tissue respond during inflammation?
How does loose connective tissue respond during inflammation?
Identify a key structural feature of reticular connective tissue and its purpose.
Identify a key structural feature of reticular connective tissue and its purpose.
Describe the primary function of eosinophils in connective tissue.
Describe the primary function of eosinophils in connective tissue.
What distinguishes the composition of brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?
What distinguishes the composition of brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?
Explain the significance of fibroblasts in connective tissue healing.
Explain the significance of fibroblasts in connective tissue healing.
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
Contrast the fiber arrangement found in regular elastic connective tissue with that in irregular collagenous connective tissue.
Contrast the fiber arrangement found in regular elastic connective tissue with that in irregular collagenous connective tissue.
What changes occur in mast cells during allergic reactions?
What changes occur in mast cells during allergic reactions?
Describe the staining characteristics of plasma cells.
Describe the staining characteristics of plasma cells.
How do undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) contribute to connective tissue?
How do undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) contribute to connective tissue?
What is the significance of ‘clock-face appearance’ in plasma cells?
What is the significance of ‘clock-face appearance’ in plasma cells?
Identify the two main types of chemical mediators secreted by mast cells.
Identify the two main types of chemical mediators secreted by mast cells.
What is the primary role of reticular cells in connective tissue?
What is the primary role of reticular cells in connective tissue?
What distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells from other connective tissue cells?
What distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells from other connective tissue cells?
What leads to the increased presence of plasma cells at sites of chronic inflammation?
What leads to the increased presence of plasma cells at sites of chronic inflammation?
What are two primary functions of white adipose tissue?
What are two primary functions of white adipose tissue?
How does the capillary supply differ between white and brown adipose tissue?
How does the capillary supply differ between white and brown adipose tissue?
Where is brown adipose tissue predominantly located in newborns?
Where is brown adipose tissue predominantly located in newborns?
What specialized connective tissue structure is found in the umbilical cord?
What specialized connective tissue structure is found in the umbilical cord?
What is the primary role of loose connective tissue surrounding blood vessels?
What is the primary role of loose connective tissue surrounding blood vessels?
What role do young fibroblasts play in mucinous connective tissue?
What role do young fibroblasts play in mucinous connective tissue?
What is a major characteristic of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
What is a major characteristic of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?
In which regions do females typically store more white adipose tissue compared to males?
In which regions do females typically store more white adipose tissue compared to males?
What is the primary function of the macrophage that engulfs melanin in the choroid of the eye?
What is the primary function of the macrophage that engulfs melanin in the choroid of the eye?
How do eosinophils respond during allergic reactions or parasitic infestations?
How do eosinophils respond during allergic reactions or parasitic infestations?
What role does hyaluronic acid play in loose connective tissue?
What role does hyaluronic acid play in loose connective tissue?
How does yellow elastic connective tissue contribute to the function of the trachea and bronchi?
How does yellow elastic connective tissue contribute to the function of the trachea and bronchi?
What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue that differentiates it from other types?
What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue that differentiates it from other types?
In what conditions would neutrophils gather in connective tissue, and what reason motivates this?
In what conditions would neutrophils gather in connective tissue, and what reason motivates this?
Describe the histological feature of white fibrous connective tissue.
Describe the histological feature of white fibrous connective tissue.
What distinguishes brown adipose tissue in terms of its mitochondrial composition?
What distinguishes brown adipose tissue in terms of its mitochondrial composition?
What is the role of heparin secreted by mast cells?
What is the role of heparin secreted by mast cells?
Describe the morphological appearance of plasma cells.
Describe the morphological appearance of plasma cells.
What is the significance of Russell bodies in plasma cells?
What is the significance of Russell bodies in plasma cells?
What type of cell increases in number during allergic reactions?
What type of cell increases in number during allergic reactions?
What distinguishes the staining characteristic of mast cell granules with toluidine blue?
What distinguishes the staining characteristic of mast cell granules with toluidine blue?
What happens to B-lymphocytes upon activation by a specific antigen?
What happens to B-lymphocytes upon activation by a specific antigen?
Which cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation and where are they typically found?
Which cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation and where are they typically found?
What is indicated by the presence of electron dense granules in mast cells?
What is indicated by the presence of electron dense granules in mast cells?
Flashcards
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells (UMCs)
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells (UMCs)
Stem cells that can develop into various connective tissue cells.
Mast Cells
Mast Cells
Cells containing granules filled with chemicals like heparin and histamine, important in allergic reactions and inflammation.
Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts
Cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
Macrophages
Macrophages
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Adipose Cells
Adipose Cells
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Reticular Cells
Reticular Cells
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Heparin
Heparin
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Histamine
Histamine
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Adipose Tissue Distribution
Adipose Tissue Distribution
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White Adipocytes
White Adipocytes
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Brown Adipocytes
Brown Adipocytes
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Connective Tissue Function
Connective Tissue Function
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Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue
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White Fibrous Connective Tissue
White Fibrous Connective Tissue
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Tendons
Tendons
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Ligaments
Ligaments
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Reticular Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Melanocyte-containing CT (macrophage)
Melanocyte-containing CT (macrophage)
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Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
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Mast Cells
Mast Cells
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Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts
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Free macrophages
Free macrophages
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Plasma cells
Plasma cells
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Adipose cells
Adipose cells
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Reticular cells
Reticular cells
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Pigment cells
Pigment cells
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Blood leucocytes
Blood leucocytes
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Heparin
Heparin
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Histamine
Histamine
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Loose Connective Tissue Function
Loose Connective Tissue Function
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Adipose Tissue
Adipose Tissue
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White Fibrous Connective Tissue
White Fibrous Connective Tissue
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Tendons
Tendons
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Reticular Connective Tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
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Adipose Tissue Distribution
Adipose Tissue Distribution
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White Adipocytes
White Adipocytes
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Brown Adipocytes
Brown Adipocytes
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Connective Tissue Function
Connective Tissue Function
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Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Wharton's Jelly
Wharton's Jelly
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Vitreous Body of the Eye
Vitreous Body of the Eye
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Pulp of Teeth
Pulp of Teeth
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Connective Tissue Cells
Connective Tissue Cells
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Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells (UMCs)
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells (UMCs)
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Mast Cells
Mast Cells
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Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts
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Free Macrophages
Free Macrophages
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Adipose Cells
Adipose Cells
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Reticular Cells
Reticular Cells
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Pigment Cells
Pigment Cells
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Blood Leucocytes (in CT)
Blood Leucocytes (in CT)
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Heparin
Heparin
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Histamine
Histamine
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Antibody Secretion
Antibody Secretion
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Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
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Loose CT (Areolar)
Loose CT (Areolar)
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White Fibrous CT
White Fibrous CT
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Adipose CT
Adipose CT
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Tendons
Tendons
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Ligaments
Ligaments
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Reticular CT
Reticular CT
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Adipose Tissue Distribution
Adipose Tissue Distribution
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White Adipocytes
White Adipocytes
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Brown Adipocytes
Brown Adipocytes
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Connective Tissue Function
Connective Tissue Function
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Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Wharton's Jelly
Wharton's Jelly
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Vitreous Body of the Eye
Vitreous Body of the Eye
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Pulp of Teeth
Pulp of Teeth
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Antibody Secretion
Antibody Secretion
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Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells
Undifferentiated Mesenchymal Cells
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Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
Melanocyte-containing CT macrophage
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Mast Cells
Mast Cells
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Loose CT (Areolar)
Loose CT (Areolar)
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Fibroblasts
Fibroblasts
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White Fibrous CT
White Fibrous CT
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Free Macrophages
Free Macrophages
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Adipose CT
Adipose CT
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Plasma Cells
Plasma Cells
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Adipose Cells
Adipose Cells
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Tendons
Tendons
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Reticular Cells
Reticular Cells
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Ligaments
Ligaments
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Pigment Cells
Pigment Cells
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Reticular CT
Reticular CT
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Blood Leucocytes (in CT)
Blood Leucocytes (in CT)
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Eosinophils
Eosinophils
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Neutrophils
Neutrophils
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Heparin
Heparin
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Histamine
Histamine
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Adipose Tissue Distribution
Adipose Tissue Distribution
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White Adipocytes
White Adipocytes
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Brown Adipocytes
Brown Adipocytes
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Connective Tissue Function
Connective Tissue Function
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Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
Extracellular Matrix Viscosity
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Loose Connective Tissue
Loose Connective Tissue
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Wharton's Jelly
Wharton's Jelly
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Vitreous Body of the Eye
Vitreous Body of the Eye
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Pulp of Teeth
Pulp of Teeth
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Study Notes
Connective Tissue Cells
- Fixed Cells:
- Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells: unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other connective tissue cells.
- Fibroblasts: produce fibers and ground substance.
- Adipocytes: store fat.
- Reticular cells: produce reticular fibers.
- Macrophages: phagocytic cells.
- Free Cells:
- Mast cells: release histamine and heparin.
- Free macrophages: phagocytic cells.
- Plasma cells: produce antibodies.
- Pigment cells: contain pigment.
- Blood leukocytes: various types of white blood cells.
Mast Cells
- Origin: Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs).
- Division: Cannot divide.
- Differentiation: Fully differentiated.
- Site: Groups around blood vessels in loose connective tissue (CT) of respiratory and digestive tracts.
- Size: Average.
- Shape: Oval or rounded; short processes.
- Number: Increase in allergic reactions.
- Nucleus: Central, single, and rounded.
- Cytoplasm: Contains granules with heparin, histamine, serotonin, and other chemical mediators.
- Stained with H&E – basophilic
- Stained with Toluidine blue – reddish purple color (metachromatic).
Function of Mast Cells
- Heparin secretion: Natural anticoagulant.
- Histamine synthesis, storage, and secretion: Important in allergic and inflammatory responses.
- SRS-A secretion: Similar to histamine but with a longer duration of action.
- ECF secretion: Attracts eosinophils.
Plasma Cells
- Origin: Activated B-lymphocytes.
- Division: Cannot divide.
- Differentiation: Fully differentiated.
- Site: Lymphoid organs, pleura, peritoneum, increasing in chronic inflammation.
- Size: Average.
- Shape: Oval or rounded.
- Number: Increases in chronic inflammation sites.
- Nucleus: Round and eccentric; cartwheel shape.
- Cytoplasm: Deep basophilic with a negative Golgi image.
- Russell bodies: Accumulations of defective antibody products in older cells.
- Electron Microscopy (E/M):
- Irregular cell border.
- Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.
- Function: Secrete antibodies (humoral immunity).
Melanophore (Pigment Cell)
- Definition: Melanin-containing CT macrophage.
- Site: Choroid of the eye, dermis of skin.
- Shape and structure: Branched, with melanosomes in the cytoplasm.
Migrated Leukocytes
- Blood leukocytes that leave the bloodstream and accumulate in connective tissue in certain conditions:
- Eosinophils: allergies or parasitic infections.
- Neutrophils: acute infections.
- Monocytes and lymphocytes: chronic infections.
Types of Connective Tissue Proper
- Loose (Areolar) CT: Flexible, gelatinous, widely distributed, with collagen and elastic fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, and fat cells.
- White Fibrous CT:
- Regular: Parallel collagen bundles, fibroblasts, e.g., tendons, cornea.
- Irregular: Irregular collagen bundles, fibroblasts, e.g., sclera, capsules of organs.
- Adipose CT:
- White: Stores fat, insulation, support, Cushions organs.
- Brown: Heat production, more capillaries, in newborns.
- Yellow Elastic CT: Elastic fibers, found in arteries, ligaments (e.g., ligamentum flavum), tracheobronchial tree. Fibroblasts or fibrocytes between the fibers.
- Reticular CT: Reticular fibers form a meshwork, found in the stroma of organs like liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
Mucoid Elastic CT
- Site: Wharton's jelly (umbilical cord), vitreous body of the eye, pulp of teeth.
- Structure: Matrix is soft, rich in mucin and hyaluronic acid; UMCs or young fibroblasts with processes interconnecting.
- Function: Supporting structures, part of extracellular matrix, slows bacteria.
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