أسئلة المحاضرة العاشرة هستولوجي (قبل التعديل)
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Questions and Answers

Which type of cell is known for secreting histamine and acts as a natural anticoagulant?

  • Fibroblasts
  • Adipose cells
  • Mast cells (correct)
  • Plasma cells

    • What is a primary function of white adipose tissue?

  • Antigen presentation
  • Energy depot (storage of fat) (correct)
  • Heat insulation
  • Rapid heat production

    • Which cells originate from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and mature into plasma cells?

  • Eosinophils
  • B-lymphocytes (correct)
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages

    • Which connective tissue provides the major structural support for the body?

    <p>Dense connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)?

    <p>Enhance vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is brown adipose tissue most commonly found in newborns?

    <p>Neck and shoulders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT associated with plasma cells?

    <p>They can divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the capillary supply in brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?

    <p>More capillary supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which staining method would reveal the granules of mast cells due to their sulfated glycosaminoglycans content?

    <p>Metachromatic stain with toluidine blue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is typically involved in the mucosa of the respiratory and digestive tracts?

    <p>Loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are responsible for presenting antigens in connective tissue?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is characterized by the presence of large electron-dense granules and is involved in allergic responses?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do mucinous cells play in connective tissue?

    <p>Produces mucin and helps maintain extracellular viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells is NOT typically classified as a type of blood leucocyte?

    <p>Mast cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the extracellular matrix contribute to the body's defense mechanisms?

    <p>By slowing the progress of bacteria and foreign particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of brown adipose tissue in terms of its lobules?

    <p>Separated by loose connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of loose connective tissue?

    <p>It is gelatinous and widely distributed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is primarily represented by parallel collagenous bundles?

    <p>White fibrous connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antibodies play in the immune response?

    <p>They identify and neutralize foreign antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are melanosomes?

    <p>Organelles that produce melanin in melanocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary type of blood leukocyte involved in allergic reactions?

    <p>Eosinophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue?

    <p>It forms a supportive network for organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what histological context do monocytes and lymphocytes typically accumulate?

    <p>Chronic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of adipose connective tissue?

    <p>It provides insulation and energy storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?

    <p>Higher capillary supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary role of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>Reservoir for water and electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is white adipose tissue typically concentrated in adult females?

    <p>Upper thigh and hip region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is unique to brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?

    <p>Energy production in hibernating animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord?

    <p>It contains mucin and hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about connective tissue growth factors is accurate?

    <p>They are secreted by connective tissue cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do young fibroblasts exhibit in the mucinous connective tissue?

    <p>Their processes interconnect with neighboring cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major component that contributes to the viscosity of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is associated with mast cells in connective tissue?

    <p>They contain large granules with histamine and heparin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical locations are plasma cells more commonly found?

    <p>In lymphoid organs and near the peritoneum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells?

    <p>Contains membrane-bounded electron dense granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic used to identify plasma cells histologically?

    <p>Clock-face appearance due to chromatin arrangement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical mediator is secreted by mast cells and plays a role in attracting other immune cells?

    <p>Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) is NOT correct?

    <p>UMCs are capable of undergoing mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the staining property of mast cell granules under Hx & E staining?

    <p>They are basophilic due to the presence of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the morphological feature that distinguishes free macrophages in connective tissue?

    <p>Irregular borders and numerous vesicles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of connective tissue is characterized by being widely distributed and containing collagenous and elastic fibers?

    <p>Loose (areolar) connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of macrophage is responsible for engulfing melanin in the choroid of the eye?

    <p>Melanophage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue contains reticular cells and fibers that form a network?

    <p>Reticular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body would you typically find yellow elastic connective tissue?

    <p>Between vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is described as gelatinous and capable of forming false cavities?

    <p>Mucoid connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily distinguishes the structural characteristics of white fibrous connective tissue?

    <p>Parallel collagenous bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood leukocyte is most likely to accumulate in the connective tissue during an acute infection?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural component found in the stroma of parenchymatous organs like the spleen and liver?

    <p>Reticular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does brown adipose tissue play in newborn infants?

    <p>It provides rapid heat production and energy during exposure to cold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the distribution of white adipose tissue differ between males and females?

    <p>Males have more white adipose tissue in the back of the neck and upper shoulder, while females have more in the hip and thigh regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the lobules of brown adipose tissue compared to white adipose tissue?

    <p>Brown adipose tissue has lobules that are more vascularized and contain more mitochondria than white adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>It provides structural support and stores water and electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the matrix of mucinous connective tissue?

    <p>It is soft and rich in mucin and hyaluronic acid, contributing to its gel-like consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord.

    <p>It provides structural support and cushioning for the umbilical vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do antigen-presenting cells contribute to the immune response in connective tissue?

    <p>They present antigens to T cells, activating the adaptive immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do fibroblasts influence the properties of connective tissue?

    <p>They secrete growth factors and components of the extracellular matrix, affecting tissue repair and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of melanosomes in connective tissue?

    <p>Melanosomes transport melanin produced by melanocytes, contributing to pigmentation in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does loose connective tissue respond during inflammation?

    <p>It swells due to increased fluid accumulation, known as edema.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify a key structural feature of reticular connective tissue and its purpose.

    <p>Reticular connective tissue contains a network of reticular fibers that provide support and shape to organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the primary function of eosinophils in connective tissue.

    <p>Eosinophils are primarily involved in combating allergies and parasitic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the composition of brown adipose tissue from white adipose tissue?

    <p>Brown adipose tissue contains more mitochondria and cytochromes, giving it a darker color and facilitating thermogenesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the significance of fibroblasts in connective tissue healing.

    <p>Fibroblasts are responsible for producing collagen and extracellular matrix components that aid in tissue repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>The extracellular matrix provides structural support, allows for cell attachment, and mediates intercellular communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Contrast the fiber arrangement found in regular elastic connective tissue with that in irregular collagenous connective tissue.

    <p>Regular elastic connective tissue has organized elastic fibers, while irregular collagenous connective tissue features bundles of collagen arranged haphazardly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in mast cells during allergic reactions?

    <p>Mast cells increase in number and release chemical mediators like histamine and heparin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the staining characteristics of plasma cells.

    <p>Plasma cells are deep basophilic with a negative Golgi image and may contain Russell bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs) contribute to connective tissue?

    <p>UMCs differentiate into various cell types, including mast cells and plasma cells, vital for tissue function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ‘clock-face appearance’ in plasma cells?

    <p>The 'clock-face appearance' refers to the special arrangement of condensed chromatin in the nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the two main types of chemical mediators secreted by mast cells.

    <p>Mast cells primarily secrete histamine and heparin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of reticular cells in connective tissue?

    <p>Reticular cells function to produce reticular fibers and support the framework of organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the cytoplasm of mast cells from other connective tissue cells?

    <p>The cytoplasm of mast cells is rich in membrane-bounded electron-dense granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the increased presence of plasma cells at sites of chronic inflammation?

    <p>The activation of B-lymphocytes by specific antigens stimulates the formation of plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are two primary functions of white adipose tissue?

    <p>Energy storage and insulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the capillary supply differ between white and brown adipose tissue?

    <p>Brown adipose tissue has more capillary supply than white adipose tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is brown adipose tissue predominantly located in newborns?

    <p>In the back, neck, and upper shoulders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specialized connective tissue structure is found in the umbilical cord?

    <p>Wharton's jelly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of loose connective tissue surrounding blood vessels?

    <p>It acts as a crossroads for transporting substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do young fibroblasts play in mucinous connective tissue?

    <p>They communicate through long processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major characteristic of the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

    <p>It is rich in hyaluronic acid, contributing to its viscosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which regions do females typically store more white adipose tissue compared to males?

    <p>In the hip region, upper thigh, and breast region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the macrophage that engulfs melanin in the choroid of the eye?

    <p>To protect and maintain the health of the eye by clearing away debris and harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do eosinophils respond during allergic reactions or parasitic infestations?

    <p>Eosinophils accumulate in the affected tissues and release inflammatory mediators leading to allergic symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hyaluronic acid play in loose connective tissue?

    <p>Hyaluronic acid provides viscosity and facilitates the movement of cells within the matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does yellow elastic connective tissue contribute to the function of the trachea and bronchi?

    <p>It allows these structures to expand and contract while maintaining their shape, providing flexibility and support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of reticular connective tissue that differentiates it from other types?

    <p>It forms a network of reticular fibers that provide structural support to organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what conditions would neutrophils gather in connective tissue, and what reason motivates this?

    <p>Neutrophils accumulate during acute infections to engulf pathogens and initiate inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the histological feature of white fibrous connective tissue.

    <p>It is characterized by closely packed parallel collagenous fibers, providing tensile strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes brown adipose tissue in terms of its mitochondrial composition?

    <p>Brown adipose tissue contains numerous mitochondria rich in cytochromes, which contribute to its darker color.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heparin secreted by mast cells?

    <p>Heparin acts as a natural anticoagulant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the morphological appearance of plasma cells.

    <p>Plasma cells have a clock-face appearance due to the arrangement of condensed chromatin and are deep basophilic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of Russell bodies in plasma cells?

    <p>Russell bodies are large acidophilic bodies indicating accumulations of defective products of antibody synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cell increases in number during allergic reactions?

    <p>Mast cells increase in number during allergic reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the staining characteristic of mast cell granules with toluidine blue?

    <p>Mast cell granules stain reddish purple with toluidine blue due to their metachromatic properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to B-lymphocytes upon activation by a specific antigen?

    <p>Activated B-lymphocytes form plasmablasts that mature into plasma cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation and where are they typically found?

    <p>Plasma cells are primarily involved in chronic inflammation and are typically found in lymphoid organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by the presence of electron dense granules in mast cells?

    <p>The presence of electron dense granules in mast cells indicates their role in the secretion of various mediators.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Connective Tissue Cells

    • Fixed Cells:
      • Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells: unspecialized cells that can differentiate into other connective tissue cells.
      • Fibroblasts: produce fibers and ground substance.
      • Adipocytes: store fat.
      • Reticular cells: produce reticular fibers.
      • Macrophages: phagocytic cells.
    • Free Cells:
      • Mast cells: release histamine and heparin.
      • Free macrophages: phagocytic cells.
      • Plasma cells: produce antibodies.
      • Pigment cells: contain pigment.
      • Blood leukocytes: various types of white blood cells.

    Mast Cells

    • Origin: Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMCs).
    • Division: Cannot divide.
    • Differentiation: Fully differentiated.
    • Site: Groups around blood vessels in loose connective tissue (CT) of respiratory and digestive tracts.
    • Size: Average.
    • Shape: Oval or rounded; short processes.
    • Number: Increase in allergic reactions.
    • Nucleus: Central, single, and rounded.
    • Cytoplasm: Contains granules with heparin, histamine, serotonin, and other chemical mediators.
      • Stained with H&E – basophilic
      • Stained with Toluidine blue – reddish purple color (metachromatic).

    Function of Mast Cells

    • Heparin secretion: Natural anticoagulant.
    • Histamine synthesis, storage, and secretion: Important in allergic and inflammatory responses.
    • SRS-A secretion: Similar to histamine but with a longer duration of action.
    • ECF secretion: Attracts eosinophils.

    Plasma Cells

    • Origin: Activated B-lymphocytes.
    • Division: Cannot divide.
    • Differentiation: Fully differentiated.
    • Site: Lymphoid organs, pleura, peritoneum, increasing in chronic inflammation.
    • Size: Average.
    • Shape: Oval or rounded.
    • Number: Increases in chronic inflammation sites.
    • Nucleus: Round and eccentric; cartwheel shape.
    • Cytoplasm: Deep basophilic with a negative Golgi image.
      • Russell bodies: Accumulations of defective antibody products in older cells.
    • Electron Microscopy (E/M):
      • Irregular cell border.
      • Abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER), ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria.
    • Function: Secrete antibodies (humoral immunity).

    Melanophore (Pigment Cell)

    • Definition: Melanin-containing CT macrophage.
    • Site: Choroid of the eye, dermis of skin.
    • Shape and structure: Branched, with melanosomes in the cytoplasm.

    Migrated Leukocytes

    • Blood leukocytes that leave the bloodstream and accumulate in connective tissue in certain conditions:
      • Eosinophils: allergies or parasitic infections.
      • Neutrophils: acute infections.
      • Monocytes and lymphocytes: chronic infections.

    Types of Connective Tissue Proper

    • Loose (Areolar) CT: Flexible, gelatinous, widely distributed, with collagen and elastic fibers; fibroblasts, macrophages, and fat cells.
    • White Fibrous CT:
      • Regular: Parallel collagen bundles, fibroblasts, e.g., tendons, cornea.
      • Irregular: Irregular collagen bundles, fibroblasts, e.g., sclera, capsules of organs.
    • Adipose CT:
      • White: Stores fat, insulation, support, Cushions organs.
      • Brown: Heat production, more capillaries, in newborns.
    • Yellow Elastic CT: Elastic fibers, found in arteries, ligaments (e.g., ligamentum flavum), tracheobronchial tree. Fibroblasts or fibrocytes between the fibers.
    • Reticular CT: Reticular fibers form a meshwork, found in the stroma of organs like liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.

    Mucoid Elastic CT

    • Site: Wharton's jelly (umbilical cord), vitreous body of the eye, pulp of teeth.
    • Structure: Matrix is soft, rich in mucin and hyaluronic acid; UMCs or young fibroblasts with processes interconnecting.
    • Function: Supporting structures, part of extracellular matrix, slows bacteria.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the various types of connective tissue cells, differentiating between fixed and free cells. It covers their origin, function, and characteristics, particularly emphasizing mast cells and their role in allergic reactions. Test your understanding of connective tissue and its cellular components.

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