Conjunctivitis: Symptoms, Assessment, and Interventions

• Conjunctivitis, commonly known as pinkeye, is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva; the transparent membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball
• Conjunctivitis is caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, irritants, or, in newborns, a blocked tear duct
• Conjunctivitis is highly contagious, especially the viral and bacterial forms
• Symptoms are: redness in one or both eyes, itching, a gritty feeling, discharge that forms a crust during the night, tearing, and blurred vision

Assessment

• Assess the patient's eye for redness, discharge, and swelling
• Inquire about recent upper respiratory infections or exposure to allergens
• Determine if the patient wears contact lenses; this can be a contributing factor
• Check visual acuity to rule out more serious conditions affecting vision

Interventions

• Implement proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of infection
• Educate the patient and family members about the contagious nature of conjunctivitis
• Advise the use of warm compresses to soothe the eye and remove discharge
• Teach the patient how to properly instill eye drops or ointment, if prescribed
• Recommend avoiding contact lens use until the infection clears
• Suggest using separate towels and washcloths to prevent the spread of infection
• Advise avoiding rubbing the eyes to prevent further irritation and spread

Medications

• Antibiotic eye drops or ointments are prescribed for bacterial conjunctivitis
• Antiviral medications may be used for viral conjunctivitis, although most cases resolve on their own
• Antihistamine eye drops can relieve itching caused by allergic conjunctivitis
• Artificial tears can help alleviate dryness and irritation

Education

• Educate on the importance of completing the full course of prescribed medication
• Advise on proper contact lens care, including cleaning and disinfection
• Teach how to avoid allergens that trigger allergic conjunctivitis
• Provide information on recognizing signs of complications, such as severe pain, blurred vision, or sensitivity to light

Prevention

• Emphasize the importance of frequent handwashing with soap and water
• Teach to avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, and makeup
• Advise to cough or sneeze into the elbow or a tissue to prevent the spread of respiratory infections that can cause conjunctivitis
• Promote proper contact lens hygiene to prevent bacterial or fungal infections

Complications

• Potential complications include the spread of infection to other parts of the eye or body
• Corneal ulceration can occur, especially with bacterial infections or improper contact lens use
• Vision impairment is rare, but possible if complications are not promptly treated
• Chronic conjunctivitis may develop if the underlying cause is not addressed