Conjunctions and Sentence Types

Conjunctions

• A word used to connect clauses or sentences, or to coordinate words in the same clause.
• Independent Clause: A group of words containing a subject and verb, expressing a complete thought. Example: "Our planets revolve around the sun."
• Dependent Clause: A group of words containing a subject and verb, but not expressing a complete thought. Example: "If Denise comes to class late."
• Coordinating Conjunctions: Join words and independent clauses. Examples: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.

Kinds of Sentences

• Declarative: Used to convey information or make statements. Example: "I can play the violin."
• Interrogative: Used to ask questions. Example: "Can you help me?"
• Imperative: Used to issue orders or directives. Example: "Do your homework."
• Exclamatory: Used to make exclamations. Example: "You look so beautiful!"

Paragraph Parts

• Paragraph: A group of sentences conveying a single idea.
• Topic Sentence: Clearly states the paragraph's subject.
• Supporting Sentences: Provide details and support the main idea.
• Concluding Sentence: Often restates or summarizes the main idea.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• Add dependent clauses to independent clauses. Examples: although, because, if, since, unless, until, whenever.

Correlative Conjunctions

• Connect concepts of equal importance. Examples: neither/nor, either/or, not only/but also, as/as.

Primary and Secondary Sources

• Primary Sources: Documented and verified accounts of events firsthand (e.g., war veteran's experience, photographs, letters, etc.).
• Secondary Sources: Accounts written about a primary source after the event (e.g., biographies, textbooks, encyclopedias).
  • Advantages: Offer filtered, expert-verified information; provide different perspectives.
  • Disadvantages: May not be perfectly accurate; may offer an interpretation rather than the exact event information.
• Diaries/Journals: Daily records (e.g., The Diary of Anne Frank).
• Speeches: Formal talks (e.g., "I Have a Dream" by Martin Luther King Jr.).
• Historical Documents: Reliable accounts containing details about events/persons/places (e.g., birth certificates, government records, deeds, military records).

Internet Research

• Ways to collect data via the internet (also known as Internet research, internet science, or web-based methods).

Context Clues

• Hints in a text that help determine the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
  • The clue can appear in the same sentence or a preceding sentence.
  • Important for increasing your vocabulary.
• Types of context clues:
  • Synonym: A word with the same meaning is used in the sentence.
  • Antonym: A word with the opposite meaning is used in the sentence.
  • Explanation: The unknown word is explained within the sentence or in the previous sentence.
  • Example: Specific examples are used to define the term.

Published First-Hand Accounts

• Documented, verified accounts of people who experienced an event.
• Examples (but not listed in this text): Photographs, footages, videos, newspaper articles, letters, magazines.

Encyclopedias and Biographies

• Encyclopedias are sets of books providing information across subjects.
• Biographies are detailed accounts of someone's life written by another person.

Textbooks

• Informative books used for specific academic courses.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Sources

• Advantages and Disadvantages are specific to the type of source, not a general rule.