Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
What is the main function of tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier?
- To increase blood flow to the brain
- To transport antibodies across the barrier
- To allow free passage of all substances
- To seal together endothelial cells of capillaries (correct)
Which type of substance crosses the blood-brain barrier via active transport?
Which type of substance crosses the blood-brain barrier via active transport?
- Carbon dioxide
- Proteins
- O2
- Glucose (correct)
What do astrocytes secrete to maintain tight junction permeability?
What do astrocytes secrete to maintain tight junction permeability?
- Hormones
- Neurotransmitters
- Chemicals (correct)
- Cytokines
What can lead to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier?
What can lead to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier?
What is the approximate total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in adults?
What is the approximate total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in adults?
Which of the following does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NOT usually contain?
Which of the following does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NOT usually contain?
Which substances are most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier slowly?
Which substances are most likely to cross the blood-brain barrier slowly?
What is one of the protective functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is one of the protective functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
What is the primary function of the denticulate ligaments?
What is the primary function of the denticulate ligaments?
Which arteries are primarily responsible for supplying blood to the brain?
Which arteries are primarily responsible for supplying blood to the brain?
What percentage of total body weight does the brain represent in adults?
What percentage of total body weight does the brain represent in adults?
What is a consequence of low glucose levels in the blood entering the brain?
What is a consequence of low glucose levels in the blood entering the brain?
How does the brain produce ATP?
How does the brain produce ATP?
What may happen after a total deprivation of oxygen to the brain for about 4 minutes?
What may happen after a total deprivation of oxygen to the brain for about 4 minutes?
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is true?
Which of the following statements about the blood-brain barrier is true?
What happens if there is a brief slowing of blood flow to the brain?
What happens if there is a brief slowing of blood flow to the brain?
What is the primary symptom of Pronator Teres Syndrome?
What is the primary symptom of Pronator Teres Syndrome?
What typically leads to Anterior Interosseous Syndrome?
What typically leads to Anterior Interosseous Syndrome?
Which condition is associated with Tardy Ulnar Palsy?
Which condition is associated with Tardy Ulnar Palsy?
Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in Ligament of Struthers syndrome?
Which anatomical structure is primarily involved in Ligament of Struthers syndrome?
What symptom is associated with a positive Froment's sign?
What symptom is associated with a positive Froment's sign?
Which factor is a common etiology for ulnar nerve lesions?
Which factor is a common etiology for ulnar nerve lesions?
Which nerve is affected in Meralgia Paresthetica?
Which nerve is affected in Meralgia Paresthetica?
What is the major consequence of femoral nerve injury?
What is the major consequence of femoral nerve injury?
What muscle is primarily impaired in Anterior Interosseous Syndrome?
What muscle is primarily impaired in Anterior Interosseous Syndrome?
What is a typical presentation of Ulnar Claw Hand?
What is a typical presentation of Ulnar Claw Hand?
What occurs as a result of repeated trauma leading to thickening of the retinaculum?
What occurs as a result of repeated trauma leading to thickening of the retinaculum?
What indicates a lesion of the Obturator nerve?
What indicates a lesion of the Obturator nerve?
What is a common cause of compression leading to Handle Bar Palsy?
What is a common cause of compression leading to Handle Bar Palsy?
Which layer of the meninges is known as the tough mother?
Which layer of the meninges is known as the tough mother?
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
What does the subarachnoid space contain?
Which structure anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
Which structure anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
In which anatomical region are the lateral grey horns primarily found?
In which anatomical region are the lateral grey horns primarily found?
What type of axons are found in the anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerves?
What type of axons are found in the anterior (ventral) root of spinal nerves?
Which meningeal layer is described as being avascular and contains delicate fibers?
Which meningeal layer is described as being avascular and contains delicate fibers?
What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?
What is the function of the denticulate ligaments?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the cauda equina?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the cauda equina?
How are spinal nerves classified?
How are spinal nerves classified?
What are rootlets in the context of spinal nerves?
What are rootlets in the context of spinal nerves?
Which of the following structures connects the white matter of the left and right sides of the spinal cord?
Which of the following structures connects the white matter of the left and right sides of the spinal cord?
What is the outer covering of an entire spinal nerve called?
What is the outer covering of an entire spinal nerve called?
Where does the spinal cord typically end in adults?
Where does the spinal cord typically end in adults?
What condition is characterized by pain and paresthesias into the sole of the foot, often misdiagnosed as plantar fasciitis?
What condition is characterized by pain and paresthesias into the sole of the foot, often misdiagnosed as plantar fasciitis?
Which virus is responsible for both chickenpox and shingles?
Which virus is responsible for both chickenpox and shingles?
What is often the initial trigger for an outbreak of herpes zoster?
What is often the initial trigger for an outbreak of herpes zoster?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with neuritis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with neuritis?
What type of pain is specifically characterized by recurrent attacks triggered by specific stimuli?
What type of pain is specifically characterized by recurrent attacks triggered by specific stimuli?
Which of the following nerves is commonly affected by intercostal neuralgia?
Which of the following nerves is commonly affected by intercostal neuralgia?
Which describes the typical skin manifestation of herpes zoster?
Which describes the typical skin manifestation of herpes zoster?
What is the time frame for skin lesions from herpes zoster to resolve?
What is the time frame for skin lesions from herpes zoster to resolve?
What is a common cause of intercostal neuralgia?
What is a common cause of intercostal neuralgia?
Which structure is specifically affected in neuritis?
Which structure is specifically affected in neuritis?
What is the typical character of pain associated with chronic inflammation of a nerve?
What is the typical character of pain associated with chronic inflammation of a nerve?
What is the effect of movement on neuralgia pain?
What is the effect of movement on neuralgia pain?
Which symptoms are most likely to worsen in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Which symptoms are most likely to worsen in patients with tarsal tunnel syndrome?
What aspect of the spinal cord is emphasized in its basic function?
What aspect of the spinal cord is emphasized in its basic function?
What is the primary function of the posterior (dorsal) ramus?
What is the primary function of the posterior (dorsal) ramus?
Which ramus is primarily involved with the autonomic nervous system?
Which ramus is primarily involved with the autonomic nervous system?
What is a key feature of Axonotmesis?
What is a key feature of Axonotmesis?
What symptoms are typically associated with compression syndromes of peripheral nerves?
What symptoms are typically associated with compression syndromes of peripheral nerves?
Which structure does the cervical plexus NOT typically supply?
Which structure does the cervical plexus NOT typically supply?
Erb-Duchenne Palsy results from injury to which spinal nerve roots?
Erb-Duchenne Palsy results from injury to which spinal nerve roots?
Which of the following statements is true concerning neurotmesis?
Which of the following statements is true concerning neurotmesis?
Which nerve is NOT part of the brachial plexus?
Which nerve is NOT part of the brachial plexus?
Which condition would most likely result from prolonged leaning on a hard surface?
Which condition would most likely result from prolonged leaning on a hard surface?
What is NOT a potential cause of peripheral nerve lesions?
What is NOT a potential cause of peripheral nerve lesions?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm?
Which nerve is responsible for innervating the diaphragm?
What is a common result of Klumpke's paralysis?
What is a common result of Klumpke's paralysis?
Which branch of the cervical plexus innervates the skin over the anterior neck?
Which branch of the cervical plexus innervates the skin over the anterior neck?
What is the role of the olive in the central nervous system?
What is the role of the olive in the central nervous system?
Which function is associated with the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus?
Which function is associated with the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus?
Which center is responsible for triggering the vomiting reflex?
Which center is responsible for triggering the vomiting reflex?
What is the primary function of the gustatory nucleus?
What is the primary function of the gustatory nucleus?
Where is the medullary rhythmicity area located and what does it adjust?
Where is the medullary rhythmicity area located and what does it adjust?
Which of the following is a potential cause of compression in the brachial plexus?
Which of the following is a potential cause of compression in the brachial plexus?
What anatomical structures are involved in Anterior Scalene Syndrome?
What anatomical structures are involved in Anterior Scalene Syndrome?
Which symptom is commonly associated with brachial plexus compression?
Which symptom is commonly associated with brachial plexus compression?
What types of changes may indicate trophic effects due to blood vessel compression?
What types of changes may indicate trophic effects due to blood vessel compression?
Which of the following conditions can lead to compression of the brachial plexus?
Which of the following conditions can lead to compression of the brachial plexus?
How does poor posture contribute to brachial plexus issues?
How does poor posture contribute to brachial plexus issues?
Which condition could potentially exacerbate symptoms in the brachial plexus region?
Which condition could potentially exacerbate symptoms in the brachial plexus region?
What anatomical relationship does the brachial plexus have with the subclavian artery?
What anatomical relationship does the brachial plexus have with the subclavian artery?
What is the primary function of the pia mater in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
What is the primary function of the pia mater in relation to the brain and spinal cord?
Which statement accurately describes the denticulate ligaments?
Which statement accurately describes the denticulate ligaments?
What percentage of the body's oxygen and glucose does the brain consume?
What percentage of the body's oxygen and glucose does the brain consume?
What condition may occur if blood entering the brain has a low glucose level?
What condition may occur if blood entering the brain has a low glucose level?
What occurs if there is a brief interruption in blood flow to the brain?
What occurs if there is a brief interruption in blood flow to the brain?
Which arteries are primarily responsible for draining blood from the brain?
Which arteries are primarily responsible for draining blood from the brain?
How long can oxygen deprivation to the brain occur before causing permanent injury?
How long can oxygen deprivation to the brain occur before causing permanent injury?
Which statement about glucose storage in the brain is correct?
Which statement about glucose storage in the brain is correct?
What condition is characterized by difficulty in opposition and a wasting of the thenar eminence?
What condition is characterized by difficulty in opposition and a wasting of the thenar eminence?
Which symptom is associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
Which symptom is associated with Carpal Tunnel Syndrome?
What is the common etiology of median nerve damage?
What is the common etiology of median nerve damage?
The 'Oath Hand' presentation is typically seen in which condition?
The 'Oath Hand' presentation is typically seen in which condition?
Which structure forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Which structure forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?
Which digits are affected by altered sensation due to median nerve lesions?
Which digits are affected by altered sensation due to median nerve lesions?
How many tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialus pass through the carpal tunnel?
How many tendons of the flexor digitorum superficialus pass through the carpal tunnel?
Which branch of the median nerve is responsible for motor innervation in muscle weakness associated with carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which branch of the median nerve is responsible for motor innervation in muscle weakness associated with carpal tunnel syndrome?
Which of the following conditions involves compression of the median nerve at the wrist?
Which of the following conditions involves compression of the median nerve at the wrist?
What is a distinguishing feature of the carpal tunnel?
What is a distinguishing feature of the carpal tunnel?
What is a common characteristic of pain associated with neuritis?
What is a common characteristic of pain associated with neuritis?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the nerve sheath and connective tissue?
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of the nerve sheath and connective tissue?
What often triggers an attack in cases of neuralgia?
What often triggers an attack in cases of neuralgia?
Which virus is responsible for the condition known as herpes zoster?
Which virus is responsible for the condition known as herpes zoster?
What is a characteristic symptom of intercostal neuralgia?
What is a characteristic symptom of intercostal neuralgia?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates symptoms of compressive neuropathies from those of plantar fasciitis?
What is the primary symptom that differentiates symptoms of compressive neuropathies from those of plantar fasciitis?
What typically occurs in herpes zoster when the virus reactivates?
What typically occurs in herpes zoster when the virus reactivates?
Which nerves are most commonly affected by herpes zoster?
Which nerves are most commonly affected by herpes zoster?
Which symptom is often reported after long periods of standing or walking in conditions like tarsal tunnel syndrome?
Which symptom is often reported after long periods of standing or walking in conditions like tarsal tunnel syndrome?
What is a common initial symptom of shingles that follows the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus?
What is a common initial symptom of shingles that follows the reactivation of the varicella zoster virus?
Which condition may be misdiagnosed as plantar fasciitis due to similar symptoms?
Which condition may be misdiagnosed as plantar fasciitis due to similar symptoms?
Which factor is commonly associated with the development of intercostal neuralgia?
Which factor is commonly associated with the development of intercostal neuralgia?
What is a notable sign of a trigger zone in neuralgia?
What is a notable sign of a trigger zone in neuralgia?
What can cause a generalized inflammatory response in herpes zoster once the virus reactivates?
What can cause a generalized inflammatory response in herpes zoster once the virus reactivates?
What is the primary cause of pain in chronic conditions associated with nerve compression?
What is the primary cause of pain in chronic conditions associated with nerve compression?
What type of reflex is the Stretch Reflex classified as?
What type of reflex is the Stretch Reflex classified as?
Which reflex protects a muscle from damage due to excessive tension?
Which reflex protects a muscle from damage due to excessive tension?
What initiates the Flexor (withdrawal) Reflex?
What initiates the Flexor (withdrawal) Reflex?
What type of reflex arc does the Crossed Extensor Reflex possess?
What type of reflex arc does the Crossed Extensor Reflex possess?
Which part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?
Which part of the brain is continuous with the spinal cord?
What is the primary function of muscle spindles?
What is the primary function of muscle spindles?
What type of reflex is characterized by the simultaneous contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist?
What type of reflex is characterized by the simultaneous contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonist?
Which structure is located above the brain stem?
Which structure is located above the brain stem?
What is the main purpose of the Golgi tendon organs (GTO)?
What is the main purpose of the Golgi tendon organs (GTO)?
What protective coverings surround the brain?
What protective coverings surround the brain?
Which part of the brain is the largest and sits on the Diencephalon?
Which part of the brain is the largest and sits on the Diencephalon?
What is the main function of the reciprocal innervation during a reflex action?
What is the main function of the reciprocal innervation during a reflex action?
What occurs when muscle spindles detect stretching of a muscle?
What occurs when muscle spindles detect stretching of a muscle?
Which part of the central nervous system includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain?
Which part of the central nervous system includes the Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain?
Flashcards
Meninges
Meninges
Three connective tissue layers that surround the spinal cord.
Dura Mater
Dura Mater
Outermost meninx; tough and strong connective tissue.
Arachnoid Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Middle meninx; delicate, has spider web-like fibers.
Pia Mater
Pia Mater
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Subarachnoid Space
Subarachnoid Space
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Spinal Cord Length
Spinal Cord Length
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Cervical Enlargement
Cervical Enlargement
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Lumbar Enlargement
Lumbar Enlargement
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Conus Medullaris
Conus Medullaris
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Filum Terminale
Filum Terminale
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Cauda Equina
Cauda Equina
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Spinal Nerves
Spinal Nerves
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Posterior Root Ganglion
Posterior Root Ganglion
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White Matter
White Matter
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Grey Matter
Grey Matter
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Posterior Ramus
Posterior Ramus
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Anterior Ramus
Anterior Ramus
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Meningeal Ramus
Meningeal Ramus
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Rami Communicantes
Rami Communicantes
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Plexuses
Plexuses
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Intercostal Nerves
Intercostal Nerves
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Neurapraxia
Neurapraxia
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Axonotmesis
Axonotmesis
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Neurotmesis
Neurotmesis
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Mononeuropathy
Mononeuropathy
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Polyneuropathy
Polyneuropathy
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Erb-Duchenne Palsy
Erb-Duchenne Palsy
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Klumpke's Palsy
Klumpke's Palsy
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Horner's Syndrome
Horner's Syndrome
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
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What is Pia Mater?
What is Pia Mater?
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What is the function of Denticulate Ligaments?
What is the function of Denticulate Ligaments?
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What are the main blood supply routes to the brain?
What are the main blood supply routes to the brain?
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How does blood leave the brain?
How does blood leave the brain?
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What is the brain's energy consumption?
What is the brain's energy consumption?
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What happens when the brain's glucose supply is low?
What happens when the brain's glucose supply is low?
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What is the effect of interrupted blood flow to the brain?
What is the effect of interrupted blood flow to the brain?
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What components make up the Blood-Brain Barrier?
What components make up the Blood-Brain Barrier?
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What is a ganglion?
What is a ganglion?
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What is neuritis?
What is neuritis?
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What is the difference between neuritis and neuralgia?
What is the difference between neuritis and neuralgia?
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What causes neuritis?
What causes neuritis?
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What is neuralgia?
What is neuralgia?
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What is a trigger zone in neuralgia?
What is a trigger zone in neuralgia?
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What are the most common nerves affected by neuralgia?
What are the most common nerves affected by neuralgia?
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What is intercostal neuralgia?
What is intercostal neuralgia?
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What can cause intercostal neuralgia?
What can cause intercostal neuralgia?
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What is the connection between chicken pox and herpes zoster?
What is the connection between chicken pox and herpes zoster?
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How does herpes zoster develop?
How does herpes zoster develop?
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What are the symptoms of herpes zoster?
What are the symptoms of herpes zoster?
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Why is herpes zoster more common in older adults?
Why is herpes zoster more common in older adults?
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What is the significance of the dorsal root ganglion?
What is the significance of the dorsal root ganglion?
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What happens to the spinal cord in herpes zoster?
What happens to the spinal cord in herpes zoster?
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What are the two main functions of the spinal cord?
What are the two main functions of the spinal cord?
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Blood-Brain Barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier
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Tight Junctions
Tight Junctions
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What substances cross the blood-brain barrier?
What substances cross the blood-brain barrier?
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Astrocytes and the BBB
Astrocytes and the BBB
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Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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CSF Circulation
CSF Circulation
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CSF Composition
CSF Composition
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Functions of CSF
Functions of CSF
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Pronator Teres Syndrome
Pronator Teres Syndrome
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Anterior Interosseous Syndrome
Anterior Interosseous Syndrome
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Ligament of Struthers
Ligament of Struthers
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Tardy Ulnar Palsy
Tardy Ulnar Palsy
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Handle Bar Palsy
Handle Bar Palsy
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Ulnar Nerve Lesions: Pathway
Ulnar Nerve Lesions: Pathway
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Froment's Sign
Froment's Sign
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Ulnar Claw Hand
Ulnar Claw Hand
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Iliohypogastric Nerve
Iliohypogastric Nerve
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Ilioinguinal Nerve
Ilioinguinal Nerve
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Genitofemoral Nerve
Genitofemoral Nerve
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Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (Lateral Femoral Cutaneous)
Lateral Cutaneous Nerve of Thigh (Lateral Femoral Cutaneous)
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Femoral Nerve
Femoral Nerve
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Obturator Nerve
Obturator Nerve
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Meralgia Paresthetica
Meralgia Paresthetica
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Brachial Plexus Location
Brachial Plexus Location
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Subclavian Vein Location
Subclavian Vein Location
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Causes
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Symptoms
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Anterior Scalene Syndrome Location
Anterior Scalene Syndrome Location
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Interscalene Triangle
Interscalene Triangle
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Structures
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Structures
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Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Importance
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Importance
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Medullary Rhythmicity Area
Medullary Rhythmicity Area
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Olive
Olive
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Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei
Gracile & Cuneate Nuclei
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Gustatory Nucleus
Gustatory Nucleus
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Cochlear Nucleus
Cochlear Nucleus
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Denticulate Ligaments
Denticulate Ligaments
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Brain Blood Flow: Main Arteries
Brain Blood Flow: Main Arteries
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Brain Blood Flow: Drainage
Brain Blood Flow: Drainage
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Brain Energy Consumption
Brain Energy Consumption
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Low Glucose in Brain
Low Glucose in Brain
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Interrupted Brain Blood Flow
Interrupted Brain Blood Flow
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Blood-Brain Barrier (Components)
Blood-Brain Barrier (Components)
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Ganglion
Ganglion
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Neuritis
Neuritis
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Neuralgia
Neuralgia
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Trigger Zone
Trigger Zone
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Intercostal Neuralgia
Intercostal Neuralgia
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Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
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Dorsal Root Ganglion
Dorsal Root Ganglion
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Dermatome
Dermatome
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Valgus Deformity
Valgus Deformity
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Chronic Inversion
Chronic Inversion
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Spinal Cord Physiology: Function 1
Spinal Cord Physiology: Function 1
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Spinal Cord Physiology: Function 2
Spinal Cord Physiology: Function 2
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Stretch Reflex
Stretch Reflex
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Muscle Spindles
Muscle Spindles
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Tendon Reflex
Tendon Reflex
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Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
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Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex
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Crossed Extensor Reflex
Crossed Extensor Reflex
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Intersegmental Reflex Arc
Intersegmental Reflex Arc
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Reciprocal Innervation
Reciprocal Innervation
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Brain Stem
Brain Stem
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Cerebellum
Cerebellum
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Diencephalon
Diencephalon
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Cerebrum
Cerebrum
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Cranial Meninges
Cranial Meninges
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Epidural Space
Epidural Space
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Median Nerve Lesions: Pathway
Median Nerve Lesions: Pathway
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Median Nerve Lesions: Symptoms
Median Nerve Lesions: Symptoms
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Symptoms
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Symptoms
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What Structures Pass Through the Carpal Tunnel?
What Structures Pass Through the Carpal Tunnel?
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Study Notes
Conical and Brachial Plexus
- Conical and brachial plexuses are complex networks of nerves.
- These networks are formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves.
- The nerves in these plexuses innervate various parts of the body.
- Specific nerves originate from the brachial plexus, crucial for upper limb movement and sensation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the conical and brachial plexuses, which are vital networks of nerves formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves. This quiz covers their structure and the body parts they innervate. Understand the complexity of these nerve networks and their importance in human anatomy.
