Mock Test 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (correct)
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Valvular heart disease

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Peripheral edema (correct)
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Chest pain

Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Both ventricular hypertrophy and dilation (correct)
  • Ventricular dilation

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

<p>Fatigue and weakness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Valvular heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

<p>Ventricular remodeling and dilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Ischemic heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

<p>Pulmonary edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?

<p>Stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?

<p>Liver (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Ankle edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Left-sided heart failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?

<p>Pulmonary edema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Peripheral edema (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?

<p>Ventricular dilation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?

<p>Necrotic core containing lipid, debris, and foam cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?

<p>Hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

<p>Left ventricular dilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

<p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

<p>Shortness of breath (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?

<p>Increased pulmonary venous pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

<p>Controls the heart rate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?

<p>Bundle of His (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?

<p>Uncoordinated impulse generation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?

<p>Increased filling volumes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?

<p>Adrenergic Cardiac Nerves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?

<p>Vessel and end-organ damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

<p>Decreased production of extracellular matrix proteins by vascular smooth muscle cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?

<p>Thrombosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?

<p>Uptake of modified lipoproteins by monocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?

<p>Increased vulnerability of the plaque to rupture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?

<p>Proliferating and increasing the production of extracellular matrix proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?

<p>Endothelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?

<p>Attracting clotting factors and initiating thrombosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?

<p>Fibronectin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?

<p>Increased risk of plaque rupture and thrombosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

<p>Decreased migration of monocytes into the intima (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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