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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (correct)
- Congenital heart defects
- Valvular heart disease
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?
- Shortness of breath
- Peripheral edema (correct)
- Pulmonary edema
- Chest pain
Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?
- Atrial fibrillation
- Ventricular hypertrophy
- Both ventricular hypertrophy and dilation (correct)
- Ventricular dilation
Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?
What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?
What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?
What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?
Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?
Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?
What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?
What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?
What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?
What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?
What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?
What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?
What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?
What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?
What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?
Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?
Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?
What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?
What is the role of the SA node in the heart?
What is the role of the SA node in the heart?
Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?
Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?
In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?
In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?
What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?
What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?
Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?
Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?
What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?
What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?
Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?
What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?
Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?
Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?
Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?
What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?
Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?
What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?
What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?
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