Mock Test 1

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Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (correct)

Congenital heart defects

Valvular heart disease

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?

Shortness of breath

Peripheral edema (correct)

Pulmonary edema

Chest pain

Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

Atrial fibrillation

Ventricular hypertrophy

Both ventricular hypertrophy and dilation (correct)

Ventricular dilation

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

Fatigue and weakness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?

Valvular heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

Ventricular remodeling and dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

Ischemic heart disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?

Stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers Signup and view all the answers

Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?

Ankle edema Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

Left-sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?

Pulmonary edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?

Peripheral edema Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?

Ventricular dilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?

Necrotic core containing lipid, debris, and foam cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Hypertension Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Left ventricular dilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

Shortness of breath Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?

Increased pulmonary venous pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

Controls the heart rate Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?

Bundle of His Signup and view all the answers

In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?

Uncoordinated impulse generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?

Increased filling volumes Signup and view all the answers

Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?

Adrenergic Cardiac Nerves Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?

Vessel and end-organ damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

Decreased production of extracellular matrix proteins by vascular smooth muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?

Thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?

Uptake of modified lipoproteins by monocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?

Increased vulnerability of the plaque to rupture Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?

Proliferating and increasing the production of extracellular matrix proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?

Endothelial cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?

Attracting clotting factors and initiating thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?

Fibronectin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?

Increased risk of plaque rupture and thrombosis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

Decreased migration of monocytes into the intima Signup and view all the answers

Mock Test 1

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?

Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?

What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?

What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?

What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?

What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?

What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?

In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?

What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?

Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?

What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?

Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?

What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?

What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?

Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?

What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?

Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

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