Mock Test 1
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

  • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (correct)
  • Congenital heart defects
  • Valvular heart disease

    • Which of the following is a characteristic symptom of right-sided heart failure?

  • Shortness of breath
  • Peripheral edema (correct)
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Chest pain

    • Which of the following is a common morphological effect of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

  • Atrial fibrillation
  • Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Both ventricular hypertrophy and dilation (correct)
  • Ventricular dilation

    • Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Fatigue and weakness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential cause of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Valvular heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of long-standing left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Ventricular remodeling and dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ischemic heart disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes congestion in the pulmonary circulation in left-sided CHF?

    <p>Stasis of blood in the left-sided chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ often experiences congestive hepatomegaly in right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark clinical feature of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ankle edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Left-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the left ventricle during chronic left-sided heart failure?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Peripheral edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological change in the right ventricle during chronic right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Ventricular dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary pathological feature of atherosclerosis that leads to left-sided heart failure?

    <p>Necrotic core containing lipid, debris, and foam cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic morphological effect of left-sided congestive heart failure?

    <p>Left ventricular dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of congestive heart failure?

    <p>Shortness of breath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which left-sided heart failure can lead to right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Increased pulmonary venous pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the SA node in the heart?

    <p>Controls the heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for the coordinated generation of impulses in the heart?

    <p>Bundle of His</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cardiac conduction defects, what leads to non-uniform and inefficient contraction of the heart?

    <p>Uncoordinated impulse generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the Frank-Starling mechanism on the heart?

    <p>Increased filling volumes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurohumoral system releases noradrenaline to increase heart rate and contractility?

    <p>Adrenergic Cardiac Nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of hypertension in blood vessels?

    <p>Vessel and end-organ damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased production of extracellular matrix proteins by vascular smooth muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of atherosclerotic plaque rupture?

    <p>Thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key event in the transformation of monocytes into foam cells during atherosclerosis?

    <p>Uptake of modified lipoproteins by monocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of the accumulation of extracellular lipid in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Increased vulnerability of the plaque to rupture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Proliferating and increasing the production of extracellular matrix proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cell type found in atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of platelets in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Attracting clotting factors and initiating thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following extracellular matrix proteins is NOT a major component of atherosclerotic plaques?

    <p>Fibronectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of intra-plaque hemorrhage in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Increased risk of plaque rupture and thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key pathogenic event in the development of atherosclerosis?

    <p>Decreased migration of monocytes into the intima</p> Signup and view all the answers

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