Congenital Heart Defects Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is primarily affected in left-sided heart failure?

Lungs (correct)

Spleen

Liver

Kidneys

Which gross change is associated with right-sided heart failure?

Aortic dilation

Hypertrophy of cardiac muscles

Pulmonary congestion

Nutmeg liver appearance (correct)

What term describes the pigment found in alveolar macrophages during left-sided heart failure?

Hemosiderin (correct)

Melanin

Bilirubin

Hemoglobin

Which clinical sign is most distinctive in left-sided heart failure?

Coughing Signup and view all the answers

What results from the hypoxic stimulation of the carotid sinus in left-sided heart failure?

Reduced pulmonary vital capacity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Anasarca' refer to in the context of right-sided heart failure?

Generalized edema Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of right-sided heart failure?

Severe lung disease Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Tetralogy of Fallot?

Presence of an overriding aorta Signup and view all the answers

What histological change is associated with the liver in right-sided heart failure?

Centrilobular necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which animal is most frequently associated with ectopia cordis?

Cattle Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from the accumulation of pure blood in the pericardial sac?

Hemopericardium Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by cyanotic mucous membranes in affected animals?

Poor blood circulation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hydropericardium?

Excess serous fluid accumulation Signup and view all the answers

What condition describes the heart being positioned on the right side of the thoracic cavity?

Dextrocardia Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'overriding aorta' imply in the context of congenital heart defects?

Aorta exits both ventricles Signup and view all the answers

How does rapid accumulation of fluid affect the pericardium?

Causes tension in the pericardium Signup and view all the answers

What describes a false aneurysm?

A blood-containing cavity that communicates with the arterial lumen. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of arteriosclerosis?

Fibrinous arteritis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by sudden failure of contraction of the heart leading to death within minutes?

Acute cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential cause of eosinophilic myocarditis in cattle?

Bacterial infection Signup and view all the answers

What clinical condition is characterized by the presence of blood between the layers of the arterial wall?

Dissecting aneurysm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of cardiac reserve being exhausted?

Congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the artery is primarily affected in atherosclerosis?

Intima Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic change during left sided heart failure?

Hypertrophy of alveolar lining cells Signup and view all the answers

What leads to retention of sodium and water during heart failure?

Decreased renal flow and adrenal cortical mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the characteristic liver changes observed in brisket disease?

Nutmeg liver Signup and view all the answers

Which group of animals is more susceptible to brisket disease?

Young cattle Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical syndrome is characterized by low cardiac output and venous congestion?

Congestive heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What type of arteriosclerosis involves fatty degeneration and hyalinization of muscular tissue?

Medial sclerosis Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result in centrilobular necrosis in the liver, commonly referred to as 'nutmeg liver'?

Chronic cardiac failure Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT associated with mulberry heart disease?

Massive cardiac dilatation Signup and view all the answers

What may contribute to the formation of an aneurysm?

Weak vessel wall due to rupture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of heart failure is primarily caused by a disease of the lungs or pulmonary vasculature?

Right sided heart failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the dilation of an artery or cardiac chamber leading to a sac formation?

True aneurysm Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the right side of the heart in brisket disease?

It becomes markedly enlarged Signup and view all the answers

What gross change is associated with dissecting aneurysms?

Fracture or necrosis of the medial layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of arteritis?

Equine viral arteritis Signup and view all the answers

What would you expect as a microscopic change in an animal with arteritis?

Thrombi in arterial intimal layer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a gross change associated with mulberry heart disease?

Enlargement of the liver Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication observed in the abdominal cavity due to right-sided heart failure in brisket disease?

Ascites Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Transposition of Great Arteries

Aortic origin from the venous side causes death due to improper circulation.
Pulmonary artery arising from the arterial side also leads to fatal complications.

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)

Complex congenital defects due to abnormal fetal heart development in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy.
Key components:
- Pulmonary stenosis
- Ventricular septal defect
- Overriding, dextraposed aorta supplying blood from both ventricles
- Right ventricular hypertrophy
Clinical signs: Stunted growth, cyanotic mucous membranes, increased pulse and respiratory rates, and heart murmurs.
In humans, known as "blue babies"; affected animals display similar symptoms.

Ectopia Cordis

Heart position is abnormal, located outside of the thoracic cavity.
Most commonly seen in cattle due to congenital issues like sternal cleft.

Dextrocardia

Cardiac condition where the heart is situated on the right side instead of the left.
Diplocardia involves the presence of two hearts, while acardia is the total absence of a heart.

Hydropericardium

Excess serous fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, resulting from localized or generalized edema.
Rapid fluid accumulation raises the tension in the pericardium, affecting overall heart function.

Hemopericardium

Accumulation of blood in the pericardial sac, generally uncommon in animals.
Notable context includes its occurrence after cardiac punctures or as a consequence of eosinophilic myocarditis due to drugs.

Heart Failure

Characterizes the heart's inability to maintain adequate blood supply.
Results in:
- Congestive heart failure, marked by venous congestion and low cardiac output.
- Sodium and water retention contributing to further venous bed distension.
Clinical signs arise from reduced cardiac efficiency.

Acute Cardiac Failure

Sudden failure in heart contraction, leading to rapid death.
Common etiologies include anoxia, shock, and occlusion of the aorta.

Chronic Cardiac Failure

Divided into left-sided and right-sided heart failure:
- Left-sided heart failure: Results in lung congestion, often due to myocardial damage or valve disease.
- Right-sided heart failure: Usually a consequence of left-sided heart failure or existing pulmonary diseases.

Clinical Signs in Heart Failure

Left-sided heart failure: Presenting cough, exertional dyspnea, pulmonary congestion with potential development of right-sided failure.
Right-sided heart failure: Results in generalized venous congestion and external signs like jugular distension and ascites (fluid accumulation in body cavities).

Brisket Disease (High Altitude Disease)

Caused by chronic venous congestion leading to right heart failure and pronounced hepatic changes, often seen in young cattle at high altitudes.
Clinical features include cardiac enlargement and liver congestion (nutmeg liver).

Mulberry Heart Disease

Characterized by heart contraction with petechial hemorrhages on the pericardium; etiology is largely unknown.
Associated clinical signs involve hydropericardium, hydroperitoneum, and pulmonary edema.

Arteritis

Inflammatory condition affecting arteries, with neutrophil and macrophage infiltration.
Etiological factors include chemicals, thermal injuries, viral infections, and parasites.
Clinical findings include arterial thrombi and hyperemia.

Aneurysm of Arteries

Defined as dilation of an artery; types include true, false, and dissecting aneurysms.
Can lead to progressive enlargement and potential rupture; common causes involve weak vessel walls or trauma.

Arteriosclerosis

Collective term for arterial hardening, subdivided into:
- Atherosclerosis: Thickening and hardening of large artery intimal layers.
- Medial sclerosis: Affects medium-sized arteries characterized by necrosis and fatty degeneration.
- Arteriolosclerosis: Involves small blood vessels, specifically related to hypertension.

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Description

Explore the complexities of congenital heart defects such as Transposition of Great Arteries and Tetralogy of Fallot. This quiz covers the critical issues arising from abnormal heart development during pregnancy, with a focus on arterial and venous anomalies. Test your understanding of these conditions and their implications.