Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of live births are affected by congenital anomalies?
What percentage of live births are affected by congenital anomalies?
Which congenital anomaly is the most common among those listed?
Which congenital anomaly is the most common among those listed?
What is the leading cause of infant deaths under 1 year of age?
What is the leading cause of infant deaths under 1 year of age?
What is often found alongside encephalocele?
What is often found alongside encephalocele?
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Which congenital anomaly affects the respiratory system?
Which congenital anomaly affects the respiratory system?
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What is a common characteristic of congenital anomalies?
What is a common characteristic of congenital anomalies?
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Which condition relates to gastrointestinal system anomalies?
Which condition relates to gastrointestinal system anomalies?
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Which of the following is a genitourinary system anomaly?
Which of the following is a genitourinary system anomaly?
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What is the most common bladder anomaly?
What is the most common bladder anomaly?
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In which population are bladder anomalies more prevalent?
In which population are bladder anomalies more prevalent?
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Which intervention is deemed the most important for families coping with congenital anomalies in their newborn?
Which intervention is deemed the most important for families coping with congenital anomalies in their newborn?
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What is the proper initial care for an exposed bladder?
What is the proper initial care for an exposed bladder?
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How soon after birth is surgical closure of the bladder typically performed?
How soon after birth is surgical closure of the bladder typically performed?
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What emotional response might parents exhibit after seeing their newborn with congenital anomalies?
What emotional response might parents exhibit after seeing their newborn with congenital anomalies?
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What does the 'Doing for' component of the Caring Theory emphasize?
What does the 'Doing for' component of the Caring Theory emphasize?
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Which phrase best describes the 'Maintaining belief' aspect of the Caring Theory?
Which phrase best describes the 'Maintaining belief' aspect of the Caring Theory?
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What is the most severe neural tube defect characterized by the absence of both cerebral hemispheres?
What is the most severe neural tube defect characterized by the absence of both cerebral hemispheres?
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Which congenital anomaly is associated with herniation of the brain and meninges, typically in the occipital area?
Which congenital anomaly is associated with herniation of the brain and meninges, typically in the occipital area?
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What is a common nursing intervention for a patient with diaphragmatic hernia?
What is a common nursing intervention for a patient with diaphragmatic hernia?
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Which clinical sign is a signature for choanal atresia during examination?
Which clinical sign is a signature for choanal atresia during examination?
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What is the most common nasal congenital anomaly?
What is the most common nasal congenital anomaly?
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Which complication is commonly associated with omphalocele?
Which complication is commonly associated with omphalocele?
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How should an infant with gastroschisis be positioned to support the intestines?
How should an infant with gastroschisis be positioned to support the intestines?
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What is a key sign that may indicate gastrointestinal obstruction?
What is a key sign that may indicate gastrointestinal obstruction?
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What defines the condition known as anorectal malformation?
What defines the condition known as anorectal malformation?
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What is a nursing intervention for infants diagnosed with choanal atresia?
What is a nursing intervention for infants diagnosed with choanal atresia?
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Which option reflects a nursing intervention for managing GI obstruction?
Which option reflects a nursing intervention for managing GI obstruction?
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Which congenital anomaly typically presents with high respiration distress and asymmetric chest expansion?
Which congenital anomaly typically presents with high respiration distress and asymmetric chest expansion?
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What distinguishes gastroschisis from omphalocele?
What distinguishes gastroschisis from omphalocele?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for omphalocele?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for omphalocele?
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Study Notes
Congenital Anomalies
- Defects present at birth caused by genetic or environmental factors.
- 2-3% of live births.
- Leading cause of infant deaths under 1 year of age.
- No identifiable cause in 50% of congenital defects.
- Cardiac most common congenital anomaly.
Central Nervous System Anomalies
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Encephalocele: Herniation of the brain and meninges, usually found in the occipital area of the skull.
- Often found with other congenital anomalies like cardiac, cleft lip/palate, microencephaly.
- Treatment is surgery with shunt placement for excess cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) removal.
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Anencephaly: Absence of both cerebral hemispheres and the overlying skull.
- Most severe neural tube defect.
- Many still born, incompatible with life.
- Palliative care and family support critical.
Respiratory System Anomalies
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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia: The intestine is in the chest cavity, compressing the lungs.
- Barrel chest and scaphoid abdomen.
- Asymmetric chest expansion.
- Respiratory distress, displaced heart sounds, spasmodic cyanosis, difficulty feeding.
- Bowel sounds heard in the thoracic cavity.
- Nursing Interventions: Maintenance of adequate respiratory status, gastric decompression, high semi-Fowler’s position, turning to the affected side, parental involvement.
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Choanal Atresia: Most common nasal congenital anomaly. Posterior nares blocked by membrane or bone, preventing air intake.
- Cyanosis and retractions at rest, color improves with crying.
- Noisy respirations, difficulty breathing during feeding, copious mucous.
- Nursing Interventions: Passing a feeding tube to confirm diagnosis, inserting oral airway, keeping infant prone to prevent aspiration.
Gastrointestinal System Anomalies
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Omphalocele: Herniated abdominal contents contained in the peritoneal sac.
- Intestines only or contain liver and spleen.
- May be associated with other congenital anomalies (cardiac) or chromosomal conditions (trisomy).
- Risk factors: young/advanced maternal age, obesity, use of SSRIs, alcohol, or tobacco.
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Gastroschisis: Herniation of bowel through abdominal wall defect.
- NOT usually associated with other congenital anomalies.
- Risk factors: maternal age less than 20 y/o, low maternal weight, IUGR, tobacco, drug use, genitourinary infections, exposure to agricultural chemicals.
- Nursing Interventions: Covering with saline-soaked gauze and plastic wrap to avoid insensible water loss, thermoregulation, decompressing gut with orogastric tube, monitoring perfusion and positioning on the side to prevent bowel torsion.
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GI Obstruction: Obstructions can occur anywhere in the GI tract.
- Symptoms: bilious emesis, abdominal distention, failure to pass meconium, respiratory distress (high obstruction).
- Nursing Interventions: Holding feeds, placing an orogastric tube with suction, immediate surgical intervention (bowel resection, ostomy).
Genitourinary System Anomalies
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Exstrophy of the Bladder: Bladder is exposed and outside.
- Most common bladder anomaly, males 2x more than females.
- Epispadias often concurrent.
- Immediate cover with sterile gauze soaked in normal saline.
- Surgical closure of the bladder within 48 hours after birth.
- Staged surgical repairs before school age
Most Important Intervention for Congenital Anomalies
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Parental and family support: Families in crisis when they first see their newborn, deformities are emotionally traumatic.
- Parents blame themselves, experience grief and loss.
- Individuals deal with grief and loss uniquely.
Nursing Theory to Support Families
- Caring Theory: Knowing (understand the loss for the family), being with (caring presence and acceptance), doing for (providing care for mother and family), enabling (providing information and guidance), maintaining belief (encourage ability to overcome the loss).
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Description
This quiz covers various types of congenital anomalies, including central nervous system and respiratory system defects. Learn about their causes, prevalence, and treatments available. Test your knowledge on conditions such as encephalocele and congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
