Conformational Polymorphism and Eutectic Point Definition
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Questions and Answers

What is the main characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?

  • Low solubility in water
  • High melting point
  • Ability to exist in multiple crystalline states (correct)
  • Low vapor pressure

    • Which of the following statements about the eutectic point is true?

  • It is only applicable to organic compounds
  • It is the lowest temperature at which the liquid phase can exist (correct)
  • It is the highest temperature at which the solid phase can exist
  • It refers to the point where vapor pressure is highest

    • How does dry heat sterilization differ from autoclaving in terms of advantages?

  • Dry heat sterilization is faster
  • Autoclaving is more effective against spores (correct)
  • Dry heat sterilization does not require high temperatures
  • Autoclaving can sterilize items sensitive to moisture

    • Which sterilization method is best suited for items that are sensitive to moisture?

    <p>Dry heat sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is ethylene oxide gas sterilization considered a versatile method?

    <p>It can sterilize heat- and moisture-sensitive items</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of an emulsifying agent is described by the HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) system?

    <p>The ability to interact with both hydrophilic and lipophilic phases of an emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common instability mechanism observed in suspensions and emulsions?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a colloidal dispersion, the Tindall effect refers to the:

    <p>Scattering of light by the colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Brownian movement in a colloidal dispersion?

    <p>It is the random motion of particles due to collisions with molecules in the medium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zeta potential in a colloidal dispersion is a measure of the:

    <p>Electrical potential at the surface of the colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST important factor that influences the equilibrium solubility of a drug?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the melting point of a drug and its solubility?

    <p>Melting point and solubility are inversely related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following chemical properties MOST influences the water solubility of a drug?

    <p>Dipole moment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the eutectic point in the solubility of drugs?

    <p>It represents the minimum melting point of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST important factor that determines the rate of dissolution of a drug?

    <p>Particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements regarding melting point depression is correct?

    <p>It is the reduction of the melting point of a material with a decrease in its size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vapor pressure is incorrect?

    <p>It depends on the atmospheric pressure and the presence of other vapors in the air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a physicochemical property used to test chemical substances?

    <p>Conformational polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eutectic point?

    <p>The temperature at which a mixture of two or more components melts and solidifies simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about vapor pressure is true?

    <p>It is a measure of the tendency of a liquid to evaporate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the vapor pressure of a liquid mixture?

    <p>The total vapor pressure of a liquid mixture is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of the individual components, weighted by their mole fractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the melting point depression of a solid when a solute is added?

    <p>The concentration of the solute.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding conformational polymorphism?

    <p>It occurs when a compound exists in different conformational states in the solid state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the eutectic point of a binary system?

    <p>The temperature at which both components in a binary system are in equilibrium with each other in the solid and liquid phases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the physicochemical properties of a chemical substance?

    <p>The intermolecular forces present in the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of an emulsifying agent is described by the HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) system?

    <p>The ability to stabilize emulsions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?

    <p>It has multiple stable crystal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a colloidal dispersion, the Tindall effect refers to the:

    <p>Scattering of light by the colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the eutectic point is true?

    <p>It represents the point of minimum melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common instability mechanism observed in suspensions and emulsions?

    <p>Conformational polymorphism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Brownian movement in a colloidal dispersion?

    <p>It is a measure of the random motion of the colloidal particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Zeta potential in a colloidal dispersion is a measure of the:

    <p>Degree of dispersion and stability of the colloidal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of a compound is directly related to its vapor pressure?

    <p>Melting point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?

    <p>It has multiple stable crystal structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the melting point of a compound change as a result of the addition of a second component (solute) to form a solution?

    <p>The melting point decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of conformational polymorphism?

    <p>It refers to the ability of a compound to exist in multiple crystal structures with different molecular conformations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the vapor pressure of a liquid or solid substance?

    <p>The strength of intermolecular forces within the substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the eutectic point of a binary system?

    <p>It is the temperature at which both components in a binary mixture undergo a phase change from solid to liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of physicochemical properties, what is the significance of melting point depression?

    <p>It is the lowering of the melting point of a solvent due to the addition of a solute, forming a eutectic mixture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following physicochemical properties is most relevant in determining the stability and solubility of a compound in a given solvent?

    <p>Zeta potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of dosage form?

    <p>The physical form of a dose of drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Act prohibits the distribution of any new drug without prior filling of a New Drug Application (NDA)?

    <p>The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an Investigational New Drug application (IND) involve?

    <p>Submission to the FDA for drug approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951?

    <p>Legal distinction between prescription and Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step follows the FDA review in the drug development process?

    <p>Scale up to manufacturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?

    <p>Control and regulate drugs that have potential for abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is required before a new drug product can be distributed?

    <p>FDA approval and filling of a New Drug Application (NDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of emulsifying agents in emulsions?

    <p>Stabilizing emulsions by reducing interfacial tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to increase the stability of suspensions according to the text?

    <p>Applying external forces like ultrasonication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common ingredient found in both suspensions and emulsions that aids in stabilization?

    <p>Stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of emulsion has water as the continuous phase according to the text?

    <p>Oil-in-water emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What property is NOT a desired characteristic of a well-formulated suspension?

    <p>Low stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the stability of an emulsion be increased based on the information given?

    <p>Adding stabilizers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a critical role played by surfactants in suspensions and emulsions?

    <p>Reducing interfacial tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does adjusting pH have on the stability of a suspension according to the text?

    <p>Increases stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the oil phase in topical dosage forms?

    <p>Propylene glycol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the ointment sterilization process?

    <p>To kill any microorganisms present in the ointment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a regulatory requirement for topical dosage forms?

    <p>Optimizing the viscosity of the formulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of keratinocytes and provides a barrier against environmental factors?

    <p>Epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key step in the incorporation method for preparing topical dosage forms?

    <p>Dispersing the ingredients in a suitable vehicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the dermis layer of the skin?

    <p>Containing blood vessels and nerves to support the epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sterilization method is most suitable for items that are sensitive to heat and moisture?

    <p>Ethylene oxide gas sterilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the subcutaneous tissue layer of the skin?

    <p>Storing fat and insulating the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the deepest layer of skin?

    <p>Subcutaneous tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is likely to be associated with a high partial pressure of CO2 in the blood?

    <p>Fatigue and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does a cosurfactant play in stabilizing an emulsion?

    <p>Reducing the interfacial tension between immiscible liquids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ointment base is occlusive and provides a barrier against moisture loss?

    <p>Petrolatum-based ointments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a dispersed system from a solution?

    <p>Particles in a solution settle over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of transdermal drug delivery compared to other forms of drug delivery?

    <p>Improved patient compliance due to controlled release of medication over an extended period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ointment base is emollient and helps soften and soothe the skin?

    <p>Lanolin-based ointments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does a low partial pressure of CO2 have on the body?

    <p>Respiratory alkalosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ointment base is water-soluble and can be easily washed off the skin?

    <p>Hydrophilic bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a surfactant in stabilizing an emulsion?

    <p>Reducing particle size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the dermis and epidermis?

    <p>The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sweat glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mixture would be considered homogenous at a molecular level?

    <p>Solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms might be linked to an abnormal pH balance due to CO2 levels?

    <p>Fatigue and confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the subcutaneous tissue?

    <p>It provides cushioning and helps regulate body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of classifying ointment bases based on their physical and chemical properties?

    <p>To understand the different mechanisms by which ointment bases interact with the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a cosurfactant when added to a surfactant in an emulsion?

    <p>Enhancing emulsion stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physicochemical property of a drug substance affects the absorption efficiency when in the unionized state?

    <p>Ionized state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physicochemical property leads to faster drug dissolution in the GI tract?

    <p>Amorphous form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of drug substances, what formulation factor plays a crucial role in determining the absorption rate from the GI tract?

    <p>Type of base used</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiologic factor can substantially affect the dissolution of drugs in the GI tract before absorption?

    <p>Gastric emptying time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physicochemical property of a drug substance influences its dissolution rate due to requiring more energy to break crystal habit?

    <p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962?

    <p>To ensure drugs are both safe and effective before FDA approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a Goal Drug according to the text?

    <p>Minimal dosing frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major goal of cGMP as described in the text?

    <p>Regulating drug manufacturing practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of USP/NF as outlined in the text.

    <p>Defining packaging and labeling standards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 achieve according to the text?

    <p>Consolidated laws governing stimulants, narcotics, and other drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?

    <p>To regulate the manufacture, importation, and distribution of controlled substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Investigational New Drug (IND) application?

    <p>To initiate clinical trials and obtain exemption for interstate shipment of investigational drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following federal enactments established the legal distinction between prescription and over-the-counter drugs?

    <p>The Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which federal enactment prohibits the distribution of any new drug or drug product without prior filing of a New Drug Application (NDA) and FDA approval?

    <p>The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a dosage form according to the text?

    <p>The physical form in which a dose of a drug is presented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are absorbed into the body?

    <p>Passive diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <797>?

    <p>It details the requirements for pharmaceutical compounding of sterile preparations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'first-pass effect' in drug absorption?

    <p>The degradation or alteration of a drug by the liver and intestines after oral administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)?

    <p>Guidelines for drug scheduling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?

    <p>To regulate the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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