99 Questions
What is the main characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?
Ability to exist in multiple crystalline states
Which of the following statements about the eutectic point is true?
It is the lowest temperature at which the liquid phase can exist
How does dry heat sterilization differ from autoclaving in terms of advantages?
Autoclaving is more effective against spores
Which sterilization method is best suited for items that are sensitive to moisture?
Dry heat sterilization
Why is ethylene oxide gas sterilization considered a versatile method?
It can sterilize heat- and moisture-sensitive items
Which property of an emulsifying agent is described by the HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) system?
The ability to interact with both hydrophilic and lipophilic phases of an emulsion
Which of the following is NOT a common instability mechanism observed in suspensions and emulsions?
Diffusion
In a colloidal dispersion, the Tindall effect refers to the:
Scattering of light by the colloidal particles
Which of the following is a characteristic of Brownian movement in a colloidal dispersion?
It is the random motion of particles due to collisions with molecules in the medium
Zeta potential in a colloidal dispersion is a measure of the:
Electrical potential at the surface of the colloidal particles
Which of the following is the MOST important factor that influences the equilibrium solubility of a drug?
Temperature
What is the relationship between the melting point of a drug and its solubility?
Melting point and solubility are inversely related
Which of the following chemical properties MOST influences the water solubility of a drug?
Dipole moment
What is the significance of the eutectic point in the solubility of drugs?
It represents the minimum melting point of a drug
Which of the following is the MOST important factor that determines the rate of dissolution of a drug?
Particle size
Which of the following statements regarding melting point depression is correct?
It is the reduction of the melting point of a material with a decrease in its size.
Which of the following statements about vapor pressure is incorrect?
It depends on the atmospheric pressure and the presence of other vapors in the air.
Which of the following is not a physicochemical property used to test chemical substances?
Conformational polymorphism
What is the eutectic point?
The temperature at which a mixture of two or more components melts and solidifies simultaneously.
Which of the following statements about vapor pressure is true?
It is a measure of the tendency of a liquid to evaporate.
Which statement is true regarding the vapor pressure of a liquid mixture?
The total vapor pressure of a liquid mixture is equal to the sum of the vapor pressures of the individual components, weighted by their mole fractions.
What is the primary factor that determines the melting point depression of a solid when a solute is added?
The concentration of the solute.
Which statement is true regarding conformational polymorphism?
It occurs when a compound exists in different conformational states in the solid state.
What is the eutectic point of a binary system?
The temperature at which both components in a binary system are in equilibrium with each other in the solid and liquid phases.
What is the primary factor that determines the physicochemical properties of a chemical substance?
The intermolecular forces present in the substance.
Which property of an emulsifying agent is described by the HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic Balance) system?
The ability to stabilize emulsions
What is the main characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?
It has multiple stable crystal structures
In a colloidal dispersion, the Tindall effect refers to the:
Scattering of light by the colloidal particles
Which of the following statements about the eutectic point is true?
It represents the point of minimum melting point
Which of the following is NOT a common instability mechanism observed in suspensions and emulsions?
Conformational polymorphism
Which of the following is a characteristic of Brownian movement in a colloidal dispersion?
It is a measure of the random motion of the colloidal particles
Zeta potential in a colloidal dispersion is a measure of the:
Degree of dispersion and stability of the colloidal system
Which property of a compound is directly related to its vapor pressure?
Melting point
Which of the following is a characteristic of a compound that exhibits conformational polymorphism?
It has multiple stable crystal structures
How does the melting point of a compound change as a result of the addition of a second component (solute) to form a solution?
The melting point decreases
Which of the following statements accurately describes the concept of conformational polymorphism?
It refers to the ability of a compound to exist in multiple crystal structures with different molecular conformations.
What is the primary factor that determines the vapor pressure of a liquid or solid substance?
The strength of intermolecular forces within the substance.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the eutectic point of a binary system?
It is the temperature at which both components in a binary mixture undergo a phase change from solid to liquid.
In the context of physicochemical properties, what is the significance of melting point depression?
It is the lowering of the melting point of a solvent due to the addition of a solute, forming a eutectic mixture.
Which of the following physicochemical properties is most relevant in determining the stability and solubility of a compound in a given solvent?
Zeta potential
What is the definition of dosage form?
The physical form of a dose of drug
Which Act prohibits the distribution of any new drug without prior filling of a New Drug Application (NDA)?
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
What does an Investigational New Drug application (IND) involve?
Submission to the FDA for drug approval
What distinguishes the Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951?
Legal distinction between prescription and Over-The-Counter (OTC) drugs
Which step follows the FDA review in the drug development process?
Scale up to manufacturing
What is the main purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?
Control and regulate drugs that have potential for abuse
Which component is required before a new drug product can be distributed?
FDA approval and filling of a New Drug Application (NDA)
What is the main function of emulsifying agents in emulsions?
Stabilizing emulsions by reducing interfacial tension
Which method can be used to increase the stability of suspensions according to the text?
Applying external forces like ultrasonication
What is a common ingredient found in both suspensions and emulsions that aids in stabilization?
Stabilizers
Which type of emulsion has water as the continuous phase according to the text?
Oil-in-water emulsion
What property is NOT a desired characteristic of a well-formulated suspension?
Low stability
How can the stability of an emulsion be increased based on the information given?
Adding stabilizers
Which of the following is a critical role played by surfactants in suspensions and emulsions?
Reducing interfacial tension
What effect does adjusting pH have on the stability of a suspension according to the text?
Increases stability
Which of the following is NOT a component of the oil phase in topical dosage forms?
Propylene glycol
What is the primary purpose of the ointment sterilization process?
To kill any microorganisms present in the ointment
Which of the following is NOT a regulatory requirement for topical dosage forms?
Optimizing the viscosity of the formulation
Which layer of the skin is primarily composed of keratinocytes and provides a barrier against environmental factors?
Epidermis
Which of the following is a key step in the incorporation method for preparing topical dosage forms?
Dispersing the ingredients in a suitable vehicle
What is the primary function of the dermis layer of the skin?
Containing blood vessels and nerves to support the epidermis
Which sterilization method is most suitable for items that are sensitive to heat and moisture?
Ethylene oxide gas sterilization
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous tissue layer of the skin?
Storing fat and insulating the body
What is the deepest layer of skin?
Subcutaneous tissue
Which condition is likely to be associated with a high partial pressure of CO2 in the blood?
Fatigue and confusion
What role does a cosurfactant play in stabilizing an emulsion?
Reducing the interfacial tension between immiscible liquids
Which ointment base is occlusive and provides a barrier against moisture loss?
Petrolatum-based ointments
What distinguishes a dispersed system from a solution?
Particles in a solution settle over time
What is the main advantage of transdermal drug delivery compared to other forms of drug delivery?
Improved patient compliance due to controlled release of medication over an extended period
Which ointment base is emollient and helps soften and soothe the skin?
Lanolin-based ointments
What effect does a low partial pressure of CO2 have on the body?
Respiratory alkalosis
Which ointment base is water-soluble and can be easily washed off the skin?
Hydrophilic bases
What is the primary function of a surfactant in stabilizing an emulsion?
Reducing particle size
What is the relationship between the dermis and epidermis?
The dermis is located beneath the epidermis and contains blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Which mixture would be considered homogenous at a molecular level?
Solution
What symptoms might be linked to an abnormal pH balance due to CO2 levels?
Fatigue and confusion
What is the function of the subcutaneous tissue?
It provides cushioning and helps regulate body temperature.
What is the purpose of classifying ointment bases based on their physical and chemical properties?
To understand the different mechanisms by which ointment bases interact with the skin.
What is the role of a cosurfactant when added to a surfactant in an emulsion?
Enhancing emulsion stability
What physicochemical property of a drug substance affects the absorption efficiency when in the unionized state?
Ionized state
Which physicochemical property leads to faster drug dissolution in the GI tract?
Amorphous form
In the context of drug substances, what formulation factor plays a crucial role in determining the absorption rate from the GI tract?
Type of base used
Which physiologic factor can substantially affect the dissolution of drugs in the GI tract before absorption?
Gastric emptying time
Which physicochemical property of a drug substance influences its dissolution rate due to requiring more energy to break crystal habit?
Solubility
What is the main purpose of the Kefauver-Harris Amendments of 1962?
To ensure drugs are both safe and effective before FDA approval
What is a key characteristic of a Goal Drug according to the text?
Minimal dosing frequency
Which of the following is a major goal of cGMP as described in the text?
Regulating drug manufacturing practices
Describe the role of USP/NF as outlined in the text.
Defining packaging and labeling standards
What did the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 achieve according to the text?
Consolidated laws governing stimulants, narcotics, and other drugs
What is the primary purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?
To regulate the manufacture, importation, and distribution of controlled substances
What is the primary function of the Investigational New Drug (IND) application?
To initiate clinical trials and obtain exemption for interstate shipment of investigational drugs
Which of the following federal enactments established the legal distinction between prescription and over-the-counter drugs?
The Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951
Which federal enactment prohibits the distribution of any new drug or drug product without prior filing of a New Drug Application (NDA) and FDA approval?
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
What is the definition of a dosage form according to the text?
The physical form in which a dose of a drug is presented
What is the primary mechanism by which drugs are absorbed into the body?
Passive diffusion
What is the purpose of the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) General Chapter <797>?
It details the requirements for pharmaceutical compounding of sterile preparations.
What is the 'first-pass effect' in drug absorption?
The degradation or alteration of a drug by the liver and intestines after oral administration.
Which of the following is NOT a component of the United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)?
Guidelines for drug scheduling
What is the primary purpose of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act of 1970?
To regulate the manufacturing and distribution of controlled substances.
Learn about conformational polymorphism where molecules can exist in different crystalline states, and understand the concept of eutectic point in chemistry where the lowest temperature allows multiple substances to coexist in equilibrium.
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