30 Questions
What is the purpose of trephination, as mentioned in the text?
To cure mental illness and disorders
Which type of reasoning involves predicting results based on a general premise?
Deductive reasoning
What is a hypothesis, based on the text?
A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables
What is a theory in scientific research, according to the text?
A well-developed set of ideas proposing an explanation for observed phenomena
Why do scientists use inductive reasoning in research?
To generate hypotheses
What is a key characteristic of a hypothesis?
Capable of being shown incorrect
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
How are illusory correlations related to prejudicial attitudes?
Illusory correlations play a role in forming prejudicial attitudes
What is the purpose of conducting a scientific experiment?
To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables
How are hypotheses formulated in scientific experiments?
Through observation and review of previous research
What distinguishes the control group from the experimental group in an experiment?
The experimental group does not experience any manipulation
Why is it essential to have both an experimental and control group in a study?
To establish a baseline for comparison and isolate the effect of the manipulated variable
What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research involving human participants?
To review proposals for research involving human participants
Why must researchers obtain informed consent from research participants?
To ensure the participants understand the potential risks involved
Which animals are commonly used in psychological research?
Rodents and birds
Why are animals often used in research studies instead of humans?
Because the research would be unethical in human participants
What must researchers aim to do when using animal subjects in research?
Minimize pain or distress experienced by the animals
Why is it important for an institution's IRB to meet regularly?
To review experimental proposals involving human participants
What is the main role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?
Reviewing proposals for research involving non-human animals
Why is animal research sometimes questioned in terms of ethics?
Animals do not provide consent to be involved in research
What precaution should be taken to ensure humane treatment of animals in research?
Implementing extra precautions due to the lack of animal consent
Why were many of the original studies linking vaccinations to autism retracted?
Due to the financial interests of the researchers
What does reliability refer to in research studies?
The consistency and reproducibility of results
Why is consistency and reproducibility important in scientific research?
To establish that the conclusions are reliable and not due to chance
What type of research uses past records or data sets to answer research questions?
Archival research
In longitudinal research, how are individuals studied over time?
Repeatedly over an extended period
What does cross-sectional research compare?
Segments of different age groups at a single time
What is the main difference between correlation and causation?
Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means one variable causes the other
Which type of research involves comparing multiple segments of a population at a single time point?
Cross-sectional research
What does archival research focus on?
Analyzing past records or data sets
Test your knowledge on confirmation bias, illusory correlations, and causal relationships. Explore how these cognitive biases can influence beliefs and behaviors.
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