Confirmation Bias and Illusory Correlations Quiz

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What is the purpose of trephination, as mentioned in the text?

To promote deductive reasoning

To cure mental illness and disorders (correct)

To induce inductive reasoning

To allow evil spirits to enter the body

Which type of reasoning involves predicting results based on a general premise?

Deductive reasoning (correct)

Hypothetical reasoning

Experimental reasoning

Inductive reasoning

What is a hypothesis, based on the text?

An unfalsifiable prediction

A testable statement predicting a relationship between variables (correct)

An assumption without any basis

A well-developed set of ideas that explain observed phenomena

What is a theory in scientific research, according to the text?

A well-developed set of ideas proposing an explanation for observed phenomena Signup and view all the answers

Why do scientists use inductive reasoning in research?

To generate hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a hypothesis?

Capable of being shown incorrect Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

A tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs Signup and view all the answers

How are illusory correlations related to prejudicial attitudes?

Illusory correlations play a role in forming prejudicial attitudes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting a scientific experiment?

To establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

How are hypotheses formulated in scientific experiments?

Through observation and review of previous research Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the control group from the experimental group in an experiment?

The experimental group does not experience any manipulation Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential to have both an experimental and control group in a study?

To establish a baseline for comparison and isolate the effect of the manipulated variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research involving human participants?

To review proposals for research involving human participants Signup and view all the answers

Why must researchers obtain informed consent from research participants?

To ensure the participants understand the potential risks involved Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are commonly used in psychological research?

Rodents and birds Signup and view all the answers

Why are animals often used in research studies instead of humans?

Because the research would be unethical in human participants Signup and view all the answers

What must researchers aim to do when using animal subjects in research?

Minimize pain or distress experienced by the animals Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for an institution's IRB to meet regularly?

To review experimental proposals involving human participants Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)?

Reviewing proposals for research involving non-human animals Signup and view all the answers

Why is animal research sometimes questioned in terms of ethics?

Animals do not provide consent to be involved in research Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken to ensure humane treatment of animals in research?

Implementing extra precautions due to the lack of animal consent Signup and view all the answers

Why were many of the original studies linking vaccinations to autism retracted?

Due to the financial interests of the researchers Signup and view all the answers

What does reliability refer to in research studies?

The consistency and reproducibility of results Signup and view all the answers

Why is consistency and reproducibility important in scientific research?

To establish that the conclusions are reliable and not due to chance Signup and view all the answers

What type of research uses past records or data sets to answer research questions?

Archival research Signup and view all the answers

In longitudinal research, how are individuals studied over time?

Repeatedly over an extended period Signup and view all the answers

What does cross-sectional research compare?

Segments of different age groups at a single time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between correlation and causation?

Correlation means two variables are related, while causation means one variable causes the other Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research involves comparing multiple segments of a population at a single time point?

Cross-sectional research Signup and view all the answers

What does archival research focus on?

Analyzing past records or data sets Signup and view all the answers