Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
What is the primary purpose of a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
- To offer financial advice to investors
- To establish tax regulations for corporations
- To create a coherent system of interrelated objectives for consistent standards (correct)
- To promote sales strategies for financial products
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of having a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
- Solving new and emerging practical problems more quickly
- Providing guarantees against financial fraud (correct)
- Enhancing comparability of different companies’ financial statements
- Increasing users’ understanding and confidence in financial reporting
What is the effective date of the new conceptual framework issued by IASB?
What is the effective date of the new conceptual framework issued by IASB?
- January 1, 2018
- January 1, 2019
- January 1, 2021
- January 1, 2020 (correct)
What is a characteristic of the conceptual framework regarding ASPE or IFRS?
What is a characteristic of the conceptual framework regarding ASPE or IFRS?
Which aspect does NOT describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework?
Which aspect does NOT describe the usefulness of a conceptual framework?
Which statement correctly describes other comprehensive income (OCI)?
Which statement correctly describes other comprehensive income (OCI)?
What principle assists in determining which financial elements should be recognized?
What principle assists in determining which financial elements should be recognized?
The statement of changes in shareholders’ equity is also referred to as which of the following in ASPE?
The statement of changes in shareholders’ equity is also referred to as which of the following in ASPE?
Which assumption underpins the foundation of financial reporting?
Which assumption underpins the foundation of financial reporting?
What is the primary purpose of the matching principle in financial reporting?
What is the primary purpose of the matching principle in financial reporting?
Which of the following financial statements includes comprehensive income?
Which of the following financial statements includes comprehensive income?
What does the full disclosure principle in financial reporting emphasize?
What does the full disclosure principle in financial reporting emphasize?
Which principle requires that assets should be recorded at their historical cost?
Which principle requires that assets should be recorded at their historical cost?
What is the primary purpose of using a monetary unit in economic transactions?
What is the primary purpose of using a monetary unit in economic transactions?
Under the going concern assumption, when must management evaluate the continuity of a business?
Under the going concern assumption, when must management evaluate the continuity of a business?
What does the historical cost principle dictate about transaction measurement?
What does the historical cost principle dictate about transaction measurement?
What is ignored when applying the monetary unit assumption in Canada and the United States?
What is ignored when applying the monetary unit assumption in Canada and the United States?
What would be the implication if liquidation of a business is deemed likely?
What would be the implication if liquidation of a business is deemed likely?
Why might the historical cost principle be deemed unsuitable in some situations?
Why might the historical cost principle be deemed unsuitable in some situations?
Which factor is essential for the going concern assumption to hold?
Which factor is essential for the going concern assumption to hold?
What must be true for a transaction to adhere to the historical cost principle?
What must be true for a transaction to adhere to the historical cost principle?
What is a primary reason for creating a conceptual framework for financial reporting?
What is a primary reason for creating a conceptual framework for financial reporting?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a conceptual framework in financial reporting?
What foundational aspect of financial reporting is addressed by the conceptual framework?
What foundational aspect of financial reporting is addressed by the conceptual framework?
Which main component contributes to the understanding and confidence of users in financial reporting?
Which main component contributes to the understanding and confidence of users in financial reporting?
Which statement accurately describes the recent developments in the conceptual framework issued by the IASB?
Which statement accurately describes the recent developments in the conceptual framework issued by the IASB?
What is included in other comprehensive income (OCI)?
What is included in other comprehensive income (OCI)?
Which statement correctly describes comprehensive income?
Which statement correctly describes comprehensive income?
Which principle relates to determining when financial elements should be recognized?
Which principle relates to determining when financial elements should be recognized?
What is the impact of the going concern assumption on financial reporting?
What is the impact of the going concern assumption on financial reporting?
Which assumption is foundational in establishing a unit of account in financial reporting?
Which assumption is foundational in establishing a unit of account in financial reporting?
What is a principle that guides the classification and measurement of financial elements?
What is a principle that guides the classification and measurement of financial elements?
Which of the following aids in justifying controversial financial reporting issues?
Which of the following aids in justifying controversial financial reporting issues?
What does the full disclosure principle emphasize in financial reporting?
What does the full disclosure principle emphasize in financial reporting?
What is the primary significance of the monetary unit assumption in financial reporting?
What is the primary significance of the monetary unit assumption in financial reporting?
Under which condition would management use liquidation accounting?
Under which condition would management use liquidation accounting?
Which of the following best describes the going concern assumption?
Which of the following best describes the going concern assumption?
What is a notable limitation of the historical cost principle?
What is a notable limitation of the historical cost principle?
How does the use of the monetary unit enhance economic decision-making?
How does the use of the monetary unit enhance economic decision-making?
Which of the following is considered an assumption of the historical cost principle?
Which of the following is considered an assumption of the historical cost principle?
What does the stability of the monetary unit in Canada and the United States imply?
What does the stability of the monetary unit in Canada and the United States imply?
Which is true regarding the measurement of financial statement elements at historical cost?
Which is true regarding the measurement of financial statement elements at historical cost?
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Study Notes
Conceptual Framework
- A conceptual framework is important for creating standards based on established concepts.
- It helps increase user understanding and confidence in financial reporting.
- Frameworks can be used to enhance comparability of financial statements across various companies.
- Frameworks can solve new and emerging practical problems more quickly.
Development of the Conceptual Framework
- The IASB issued a new framework effective January 1, 2020.
- It is not considered accounting standards but does not override ASPE or IFRS.
Items Included in Financial Statements
- IFRS uses “Statement of financial performance,” “Statement of financial position,” and “Statement of cash flows” to represent Income Statement, Balance Sheet, and Cash Flow Statement.
- ASPE uses:
- Income statement
- Statement of Retained earnings
- Balance Sheet
- Cash Flow Statement
- ASPE has no OCI (Other Comprehensive Income) but IFRS does.
Foundational Principles
- Foundational principles aim to implement the basic objectives of the conceptual framework.
- These principles help explain how and when to recognize, derecognize, measure, and present financial elements and events.
- Principles include assumptions and conventions.
- These provide guidelines for developing rational responses to controversial financial reporting issues.
- Important to determine the unit of account to which a principle can be applied.
Summary of Foundational Principles
- There are three categories for foundational principles: Recognition/Derecognition, Presentation/Measurement, and Disclosure.
Recognition/Derecognition
- Economic entity assumption: The company is separate from the owner.
- Control: The company has control over its assets.
- Revenue recognition and realization principles: Revenue is recognized when goods or services have been delivered and are realized (cash or cash equivalents).
- Matching principle: Expenses are recognized in the same period as the revenues they generate.
Presentation/Measurement
- Periodicity assumption: The life of the business is divided into periods.
- Monetary unit assumption: All transactions and events are measured in money and the dollar is assumed to be relatively stable.
- Going concern assumption: The company is assumed to continue operations in the foreseeable future.
- Historical cost principle: Transactions are measured at the amount of cash (or equivalents) paid or received or the fair value of the initial transaction.
- Represents the value at a point in time.
- Comes from reciprocal and arm’s length exchange.
- Fair value principle and value in use: A valuation method that considers future expectations of earnings and cashflows, using fair value or value in use.
Disclosure
- Full Disclosure principle: All relevant information must be communicated to users of the financial statements.
Factors Contributing to Choice and/or Bias in Financial Reporting Decisions
- Some choices can be complex, leading to the potential for more errors, especially when estimates are required.
- With increased technology and AI, investors rely on easy access to real-time online financial information.
Monetary Unit Assumption
- Money is a common unit of measure for economic transactions.
- The use of a monetary unit is relevant, simple, understandable, widely used, and useful.
- It is assumed that the dollar is relatively stable despite inflation/deflation.
Going Concern Assumption
- This assumes that a business will continue to operate in the foreseeable future.
- There is an expectation that the company will be able to continue operations long enough to meet objectives and commitments.
- Management must look at least 12 months from the balance sheet date.
- If the company is likely to be liquidated, liquidation accounting should be used, measuring assets at net realizable value.
Historical Cost Principle (Part 1)
- Transactions are measured at the amount of cash (or equivalents) paid or received, or the fair value of the initial transaction.
- This principle is used because it:
- Represents a value at a point in time.
- Results from a reciprocal exchange (a two-way exchange).
- Includes an arm’s-length party.
- It is not always possible to determine a value using historical cost.
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