Computers: Analog vs Digital vs Mainframe
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Questions and Answers

What major change occurred in the design of supercomputers over time?

  • They no longer used any form of processing networks.
  • They started utilizing single-core processors.
  • They shifted from costly special-purpose processors to commodity processors in parallel. (correct)
  • They became exclusively miniaturized for desk use.

What significant characteristic defined minicomputers when they were introduced?

  • They could only operate on proprietary software.
  • They were primarily used for gaming applications.
  • They were relatively small and inexpensive, often dedicated to specific tasks. (correct)
  • They required the same hardware as mainframes.

Which company was a prominent manufacturer of early minicomputers?

  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) (correct)
  • Intel Corporation
  • Microsoft
  • IBM

What was the first microprocessor produced by Intel Corporation?

<p>Intel 4004 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common application of embedded processors?

<p>Control of mechanical and electrical functions in various devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do microcomputers differ from early minicomputers in terms of technology?

<p>Microcomputers utilize microprocessors integrated with thousands or millions of transistors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of John von Neumann in the early development of the ENIAC?

<p>He consulted with the group and worked on various government projects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the computational power of early microcomputers compared to minicomputers?

<p>Early microcomputers had limited storage and data-handling capabilities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes digital signal processors (DSP) a specific type of embedded processor?

<p>They manage complex computations for multimedia applications. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant implication of the stored-program model?

<p>It allowed programs to read and operate on other programs as data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Konrad Zuse's view towards self-modification in programming?

<p>He considered it to be a significant risk and refused to implement it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Shortcode in early programming?

<p>To convert alphabetic statements to numeric codes and execute them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes compilers from interpreters in programming?

<p>Compilers translate the whole program before execution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature did FORTRAN introduce to make programming more accessible?

<p>The inclusion of comments for programmers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are interpreters rarely used outside of program development today?

<p>Their sequential execution method is slow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following languages is NOT mentioned as an early programming language?

<p>BASIC (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of IT support teams?

<p>Providing assistance to users and organizations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology is mentioned as being adopted through digital transformation?

<p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is project management crucial in IT?

<p>To guarantee technology implementations are on time and within budget (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of data analytics in IT?

<p>To derive insights for decision-making processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has mobile technology impacted IT?

<p>By expanding the scope to include mobile app development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been a significant impact of information technology on society?

<p>It shapes and revolutionizes interactions in the digital age. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about computers is highlighted in the discussion?

<p>Computers are only useful for mathematical tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the history of computing illustrate about the evolution of computers?

<p>Computers can solve diverse problems beyond original designs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of Herman Hollerith's census tabulator?

<p>To automate the tabulation of census data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did Howard Aiken work on at Harvard?

<p>The Mark series of calculating machines (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant concept did Alan Turing introduce in his seminal paper?

<p>The universality of mechanical processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which machine is associated with the project led by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert?

<p>The ENIAC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What inspired Alan Turing to design his computing machine?

<p>David Hilbert's formalist program (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable limitation did Turing prove regarding mathematical problems?

<p>Some problems cannot be mechanically processed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why was there an increased urgency for mechanization of census data in the 19th century?

<p>Population size increased significantly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an outcome of the funding running out in 1833 for the Analytical Engine?

<p>It was never fully developed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines minicomputers compared to larger traditional computers?

<p>They are designed for easy connection to input/output devices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the most significant changes in computer usage around 1965?

<p>The development of time-sharing systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common term used to refer to computer operators before the personal computer revolution?

<p>Computer priesthood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company was pivotal in selling microcomputers to a broader audience in the late 1970s?

<p>Commodore Business Machines (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which innovation did Apple introduce with its Lisa computer in 1982?

<p>The first graphical user interface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the usual tools employed for programming computers before the era of personal computers?

<p>Keypunch cards and paper instructions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the co-founders of Apple Inc., known for their contributions to early computing?

<p>Stephen G. Wozniak and Steven P. Jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microprocessor was used in the Apple Lisa computer, enhancing its processing capabilities?

<p>Motorola 68000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation did the GUI introduce to personal computers?

<p>Graphical icons and a pointing device (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for the failure of the Lisa computer?

<p>It was too expensive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company's entrance into the personal computer market legitimized the industry?

<p>IBM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What storage method did Hewlett-Packard's HP-85 employ?

<p>Cassette tape drives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were common characteristics of the first portable computers in the early 1980s?

<p>Heavy and cumbersome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Microsoft's improvements to the Windows operating system?

<p>Microsoft became the leading software provider for PCs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attempt did IBM make to compete with Microsoft's Windows operating system?

<p>Establishing OS/2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted the U.S. Department of Justice to file a lawsuit against Microsoft in 1998?

<p>Monopoly abuse allegations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Supercomputer

A very powerful computer, now often using large arrays of commodity processors working in parallel.

Minicomputer

A smaller, less expensive computer, typically used in one department of an organization, often dedicated to one task.

Microprocessor

An integrated circuit containing thousands or millions of transistors that function as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer.

Microcomputer

A small computer built around a microprocessor integrated circuit.

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Embedded Processor

A small computer used to control electrical and mechanical functions in devices.

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Digital Signal Processor (DSP)

A type of embedded processor highly used, often for handling signals.

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Personal Computer (PC)

A type of microcomputer designed for individual use.

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Early Supercomputer Design

Utilized costly special-purpose processors. Now replaced with commodity processors operating in parallel.

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IT Support

IT support teams assist users and organizations with technical issues, ensuring smooth IT system operation.

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Digital Transformation

IT modernizes businesses using automation, data analysis, and new tech like AI and IoT.

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Project Management (IT)

Managing IT projects to complete them on time, within budget, and meeting goals.

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Data Analytics/BI

Using IT to collect, analyze data, and gain insights for better decision-making.

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Mobile Technology (IT)

IT now includes mobile app development and device management, due to mobile devices.

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E-commerce/Online Services

IT powers online businesses like e-commerce and social media.

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Computer Calculation (broad)

Computers don't only do math; they can solve many problems, like walking or balancing a checkbook.

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Computer Design (adaptability)

A computer design is not tied to one specific calculation; it can solve many types of problems, even ones not foreseen.

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Analytical Engine

A general-purpose computing machine conceived by Charles Babbage.

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Herman Hollerith's Tabulator

A machine to automate census data tabulation.

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U.S. Census

Population count mandated by the U.S. Constitution every 10 years.

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Howard Aiken's Calculators

A series of calculating machines aiming for enhanced calculation.

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Turing Machine

A theoretical computing machine designed to solve mathematical problems.

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ENIAC

An all-electronic computer, a key project in US computer development.

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Census Tabulation

The act of systematically organizing and counting census data to analyze population and other characteristics.

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Algorithm

A step-by-step procedure for computing something.

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Stored-program model

A computer architecture where programs and data are stored in the same memory.

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Self-modification

Programs changing their own instructions during execution.

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Interpreters (coding)

Translating and executing high-level language instructions one at a time.

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Shortcode

Early high-level programming language using alphabetic statements to numeric codes, then to machine language.

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Compilation

Converting an entire high-level language program into machine language at once for later execution.

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FORTRAN

High-level programming language; allowed comments for easier understanding.

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ENIAC

Early electronic computer, built in 1943 under contract to the army.

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John von Neumann

Mathematician who consulted with the ENIAC team, contributed to the stored-program concept.

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Minicomputer

A smaller, less expensive computer, comparable to a mainframe in functionality but lower cost.

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Personal Computer Revolution

Computers became more accessible and usable to individuals, replacing the need for specialized technicians.

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Microprocessor

A single integrated circuit that acts as the central processing unit (CPU) in a computer.

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

A way to interact with a computer using graphical elements like windows, icons, and menus instead of text commands.

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Homebrew Computer Club

A group of enthusiasts working on building computers at home.

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Time-sharing

Allowing multiple users to share the same computer resources at the same time.

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Big Iron machines

Older, large, powerful but expensive computers.

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Apple Inc.

Company important to the PC revolution with innovative computer products.

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Macintosh's Success

The Macintosh, a scaled-down Apple computer, became successful by making desktop computers more user-friendly, thus promoting personal computers.

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IBM PC's Impact

IBM's entry into the PC market validated its significance and considerably influenced its future development.

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Microsoft Windows

Microsoft's Windows operating system gave PC compatibles features similar to the Macintosh, further evolving PC capabilities.

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Personal Miniaturization

The development of portable, smaller computers, laptops, happened gradually due to advancements in chip technology and power.

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IBM OS/2 Failure

IBM's OS/2 operating system failed in the market competition against Microsoft's products.

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HP-85 Shortcomings

Hewlett-Packard's HP-85 computer had a higher price tag and less accommodating technology when compared to competitors, including using Cassette tapes, not disk drives.

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GUI Success Story

Graphical User Interfaces replaced typed commands with icons for actions, making computers more user-friendly using a pointing device such as a Mouse.

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Microsoft's Application Software

Microsoft became a leading provider of application software for PC compatibles, making its own system the preferred choice.

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Study Notes

Analog Computers

  • Represent information using continuous physical magnitudes like voltages.
  • Early models used mechanical components.
  • Voltages used after World War II.
  • Replaced largely by digital computers by the 1960s.
  • Advantage: relatively simple design for a single problem and can often solve problems in real time (same rate as the modeled system).
  • Disadvantage: limited precision (typically a few decimal places) and expensive general-purpose devices.

Digital Computers

  • Represent information in discrete form (sequences of 0s and 1s).
  • Originated in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
  • Early devices used switches operated by electromagnets (relays).
  • Stored programs on punched paper tape or cards.
  • Limited internal data storage.

Mainframe Computers

  • Characterized by large storage, fast components, and powerful computational abilities.
  • Highly reliable.
  • Often served vital organizational needs; sometimes designed redundantly to survive failures.
  • Operated by a staff of systems programmers.
  • Users submitted "batch jobs."

Supercomputers

  • Most powerful computers of the time
  • Typically very expensive and used for high-priority, computationally-intensive government research like nuclear simulations and weather modeling.
  • Design of special-purpose processors replaced by today’s arrays, using commodity processors in parallel and high-speed networks.

Minicomputers

  • Introduced in the mid-1960s.
  • Relatively small and inexpensive.
  • Usually used within one department or shared among a small group for a specific task.
  • Good compatibility with laboratory/industrial input/output devices.
  • Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) was a major manufacturer.
  • PDP-1 (1960) and PDP-8 (five years later) were influential examples.

Microcomputers

  • Built around microprocessor integrated circuits, or chips.
  • Advance from vacuum tubes to transistors to microprocessors (thousands/millions of transistors on a single chip).
  • Intel Corporation built the first microprocessor (Intel 4004) in 1971.
  • The 8080 microprocessor was used in the first personal computer (Altair, 1975).
  • Improved storage and processing capabilities.

Embedded Processors

  • Small computers controlling electrical and mechanical functions.
  • Do not need elaborate computations or great I/O capability; therefore relatively inexpensive.
  • Control aircraft/industrial automation and common in many household appliances (digital signal processors - DSPs).
  • Common in wireless phones, digital cable/telephone modems, and stereo equipment.

Generations of Computers

  • First Generation: Vacuum tubes, magnetic drums, very large and expensive, generated a lot of heat, relied on machine language, and could only solve one problem at a time.
  • Second Generation: Transistors replaced vacuum tubes improving size, speed, cost, and power efficiency, but still produced a lot of heat. Programs used symbolic language, still used punched cards for input and printouts, and moved from magnetic drums to magnetic cores for memory.
  • Third Generation: Integrated circuits were the hallmark, transistors miniaturized and put on silicon chips, making them faster/cheaper with the ability to run numerous tasks at once, used keyboards and monitors, and operating systems became necessary.
  • Fourth Generation: Microprocessors placed thousands of integrated circuits onto a single silicon chip, and these could be connected into networks. Graphical user interfaces (GUIs) and handheld devices became available. \

Information Technology (IT)

  • The use of computers, software, hardware, networks, and digital technologies.
  • Used to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data/information.
  • Covers many domains: business, healthcare, education, entertainment, etc.
  • Key components of IT: Hardware, Software, Networking, Data Management, Cybersecurity.

Early Computing History

  • Abacus: Earliest known calculating device (used for basic arithmetic).
  • Logarithms: Revolutionized calculation (solving multiplication problems by addition).
  • Calculators: Mechanical devices (Pascaline, Arithmometer) that slowly evolved towards more complex calculations and solutions.

Early Computers

  • Analytical Engine (Babbage): An early concept of a programmable general-purpose computer, though never fully built.
  • ENIAC: An early electronic computer that paved the way for future advancements.
  • Turing machine: A theoretical computational model that helped define the limits of computation—no universal mathematical solver could exist.

Modern Computing History

  • IBM 360: A landmark computer that helped legitimize personal computing.
  • Personal Computers (PCs): Marked a significant shift in accessibility and applications for computers.
  • Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): Made computers considerably easier to use.
  • Handheld Devices and Mobile Computing: Small, portable devices expanding the reach of computing.
  • The Internet and E-commerce: Revolutionized communication and commerce.
  • Quantum Computing: A new computing paradigm leveraging quantum mechanics.

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History of Computers PDF

Description

This quiz explores the differences between analog, digital, and mainframe computers. Learn about their unique characteristics, advantages, and historical development from the early models of computing to modern-day technology. Test your understanding of how these systems function and their impact on computing.

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