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Questions and Answers
Which of the following components makes up a computer system?
Which of the following components makes up a computer system?
What does the operating system do?
What does the operating system do?
Controls and coordinates the use of hardware among various applications and users.
Users of dedicated systems primarily share resources from servers.
Users of dedicated systems primarily share resources from servers.
False
What is the kernel in an operating system?
What is the kernel in an operating system?
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The __________ program is loaded at power-up or reboot.
The __________ program is loaded at power-up or reboot.
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What is a trap or exception?
What is a trap or exception?
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What type of systems can utilize mobile operating systems?
What type of systems can utilize mobile operating systems?
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Match the following components to their role:
Match the following components to their role:
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What distinguishes a manager from management in an organization?
What distinguishes a manager from management in an organization?
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How are goals different from objectives in a business context?
How are goals different from objectives in a business context?
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List three types of resources that organizations require to function effectively.
List three types of resources that organizations require to function effectively.
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What roles do first-line, middle, and top managers play in an organization?
What roles do first-line, middle, and top managers play in an organization?
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What is competitive advantage, and why is it important for organizations?
What is competitive advantage, and why is it important for organizations?
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What is meant by cost competitiveness in a business context?
What is meant by cost competitiveness in a business context?
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Why has the importance of quality increased in today's market?
Why has the importance of quality increased in today's market?
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How does speed influence competitive advantage?
How does speed influence competitive advantage?
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What are the primary measures of organizational performance?
What are the primary measures of organizational performance?
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What are the four primary managerial functions?
What are the four primary managerial functions?
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Study Notes
Computer Systems
- Comprised of four main components: hardware, operating system, application programs, and users.
- Hardware provides basic computing resources, such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices.
- The operating system controls and coordinates the use of hardware among applications and users.
- Application programs utilize system resources to solve user computing problems.
- Users can be people, machines, or other computers.
Abstract View of Computer Components
- Not explicitly defined in the provided text; however, it is likely referring to a simplified representation of a computer system's components, potentially focusing on their interactions and relationships.
What Operating Systems Do
- Aim to provide users with convenience, ease of use, and good performance.
- On shared computers, the operating system acts as a resource allocator and control program, ensuring efficient use of hardware and managing program execution.
- On dedicated systems, the operating system still frequently manages shared resources from servers.
- Mobile devices optimize for usability and battery life.
- Embedded computers often run with little or no user interface.
Defining Operating Systems
- There is no universally accepted definition due to the vast diversity of designs and uses.
- It is considered "everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system," although this can vary greatly.
- The kernel is the core program that runs constantly on the computer and is considered part of the operating system.
- System programs are shipped with the OS but are separate from the kernel.
- Application programs are programs not related to the operating system.
- Modern OSes for general-purpose computing and mobile devices often include middleware, providing additional services to application developers.
Computer System Organization
- Consists of one or more CPUs and device controllers connected through a common bus, providing access to shared memory.
- CPU and devices execute concurrently and compete for memory cycles.
Computer-System Operation
- I/O devices operate concurrently with the CPU.
- Each device controller is responsible for a specific type of device and has a local buffer.
- The operating system includes a device driver for each device controller type to manage its operation.
- Data transfer between main memory and local buffers is handled by the CPU.
- The device controller informs the CPU when I/O operations are complete through interrupts.
Common Function of Interrupts
- Interrupts transfer control to interrupt service routines, located in the interrupt vector.
- Interrupt architecture saves the address of the interrupted instruction.
- Traps or exceptions are software-generated interrupts caused by errors or user requests.
- Operating systems are interrupt driven.
Computer Startup
- The bootstrap program, usually stored in ROM or EPROM, initializes all system aspects and loads the operating system kernel to initiate execution.
Interrupt-driven I/O Cycle
- The provided text does not include a section detailing the interrupt-driven I/O cycle; therefore, there is no information to summarize regarding this topic.
Introduction to Management
- A manager oversees the work of others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.
- Management is the act of coordinating people to achieve goals and objectives.
- An organization consists of people working together to achieve specific goals.
Goals vs. Objectives
- A goal is a long-term desired outcome, typically spanning three to five years.
- Goals are broad statements focusing on desired results, not the methods used to achieve them.
- Common examples of business goals include maximizing profits, growing revenue, increasing efficiency, providing excellent customer service, becoming an industry leader, and creating a brand.
Organizational Resources
- Resources are organizational assets, including people, machinery, raw materials, information, skills, and financial capital.
Levels of Management
- First-line managers manage the work of non-managerial employees.
- Middle managers manage the work of first-line managers.
- Top managers make organization-wide decisions, establish plans, and set goals for the entire organization.
Competitive Advantage
- Competitive advantage is a position that allows a company to earn a higher return on investments than its competitors.
- Cost competitiveness is achieved by keeping costs low enough to attract consumers and be profitable.
- Quality is the excellence of a product, including its attractiveness, lack of defects, reliability, and durability.
- Speed is often a crucial differentiator in today's competitive environment.
- Innovation refers to introducing new goods and services to adapt to market shifts and competition.
- Companies that deliver all four elements of competitive advantage have a significant advantage.
Organizational Performance
- Efficiency measures how well resources are used to achieve a goal.
- Effectiveness measures the appropriateness of chosen goals and the degree to which they are achieved.
Managerial Functions
- Planning: Defining goals, establishing strategies, and developing plans to coordinate activities.
- Organizing: Arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals.
- Leading: Working with and through people to achieve goals.
- Controlling: Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work to ensure performance.
Managerial Roles and Skills
- Interpersonal roles: Involve interacting with people and fulfilling ceremonial duties (figurehead, leader, liaison).
- Informational roles: Involve collecting, receiving, and disseminating information (monitor, disseminator, spokesperson).
- Decisional roles: Involve making decisions and choices (entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator).
Skills Needed at Different Management Levels
- Technical skills: Knowledge and proficiency in a specific field.
- Human skills: The ability to work well with other people.
- Conceptual skills: The ability to think and conceptualize abstract and complex situations concerning the organization.
Operations Management
- Operations is the part of a business organization responsible for producing goods and/or delivering services.
- Goods are physical items, including raw materials, parts, and final products.
- Services are activities that provide time, location, form, or psychological value.
- The operations function requires support from other areas of the organization, such as finance and marketing.
- Operations management is the management of systems or processes that create goods and/or provide services.
Supply Chain Management
- A supply chain is the sequence of organizations and their facilities involved in producing and delivering a product or service.
- The supply chain begins with raw materials and extends to the final customer.
- Facilities include warehouses, factories, processing centers, offices, distribution centers, and retail outlets.
Value-Added
- Value-added is the difference between the cost of inputs and the value or price of outputs.
- In non-profit organizations, the value of outputs is their value to society.
- In for-profit organizations, the value of outputs is determined by the prices customers are willing to pay.
- The greater the value-added, the more resources available for research, new facilities, worker salaries, and profits.
Scopes of Operations Management
- Operations management covers a wide range of activities: forecasting, capacity planning, scheduling, inventory management, quality assurance, motivating employees, facility location decisions, supply chain management, and more.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental components of computer systems, including hardware, operating systems, and application programs. This quiz covers the interactions between these components and the roles they play in computing environments.
