Computer Systems Overview

Study Notes

Computer Systems

A computer is a programmable machine that can store, retrieve, and process data.
Fundamental components include:
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer, responsible for executing instructions.
- Memory (RAM): Stores data and instructions currently being used. Volatile (data lost when power off).
- Storage (Hard drive, SSD): Stores data permanently, even after power off.
- Input devices (keyboard, mouse, scanner): Allow users to input data to the computer.
- Output devices (monitor, printer): Display the results of the computer's processing.
The computer operates through a series of instructions, called programs, which tell the computer what to do.
Programming languages are used to write these instructions.
Operating Systems (OS) manage computer hardware and software resources.

Types of Computers

Personal computers (PCs): Designed for individual use, come in desktops and laptops.
Workstations: More powerful than PCs, often used for specialized tasks like graphic design or scientific research.
Servers: Powerful computers that provide resources, like data storage and applications, to other computers on a network.
Mainframes: Extremely large and powerful computers that share resources with many concurrent users.
Supercomputers: The most powerful computers, designed for extremely complex calculations and simulations.

Computer Architecture

Von Neumann architecture is a common computer architecture, where data and instructions are stored in the same memory.
Modern computers frequently feature multiple CPUs (multi-core processors).
Parallel processing allows computers to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, substantially increasing processing speed.
Computer architecture determines the capabilities of the machine, including the type of instructions it can execute, the amount of memory it can access, and the speed at which it can operate.

Data Representation

Computers store and process data as binary values (0s and 1s), represented in the form of bits and bytes.
Digital data is converted into binary representations for storage and processing inside the computer.
Different data types (numbers, text, images, audio) are encoded using specific sets of rules or formats.
- Data in text form is represented by character sets (ASCII, Unicode).
- Numbers in various formats (integers, floating-point).
- Images are represented via pixel data and color encoding mechanisms (e.g. JPEG, PNG).

Software

Software is a set of instructions or programs that tell the computer what to do.
System software manages the computer's hardware and resources, including operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
Application software enables users to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, spreadsheets, and web browsing (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Sheets, web browsers).

Network Architecture

Networking connects multiple computers together to share resources and information.
Networks can be local (LAN) or wide area (WAN).
A network architecture defines how computers and other devices are connected and communicate with each other.
Internet is a global network connecting millions of computers and devices.

Computer Security

Computer security is essential to protect information and resources from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction.
Security measures include passwords, firewalls, antivirus software, and encryption techniques.
Cybersecurity threats, like hacking and malware, require constant vigilance and proactive protection measures.
Data breaches and cyber attacks can have significant financial, reputational, and operational consequences for organizations and individuals.

Ethical Considerations

Computer use raises ethical considerations related to privacy, intellectual property, and responsible use.
Digital divide and access to technology affect societies on various levels, including access to education, employment opportunities, and healthcare.
Ensuring fair and equitable access to computer resources and technology is important, balancing cost, affordability and technological advancements.
Computer ethics involves careful consideration of the societal impact of technology and the responsible use of computers to serve common good.

Description

This quiz provides an overview of computer systems, covering the fundamental components such as CPU, RAM, and storage types. It also introduces the types of computers including personal computers and workstations, along with their roles in data processing and management. Test your knowledge on the essential functions and structures that make up modern computing.