Computer Systems: Impact and Applications

Vision & Mission

• The vision of the C. V. Raman Global University aims to be a global leader in technical education responsive to the dynamic global scenario.
• The vision of the Department of CSE strives to become a leader in quality education and research in Computer Science, IT, and related fields.
• The mission of the C.V. Raman Global University is to provide state-of-the-art technical education at undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
• The C.V. Raman Global University also intends to work with technical Institutes, Universities, and Industries of National and International reputation.
• The C.V. Raman Global University aims to keep abreast with the latest technological advancements.
• A mission of the Department of CSE is to develop human resources with theoretical and practical knowledge in Computer Science & Engineering.
• The CSE department commits to Co-Curricular and research activities involving modern methods, tools, and technology.
• They also aim to interact with professionals from industry, academia, societies, to improve education quality.

Program Outcome (PO)

• Engineering knowledge involves applying math, science, and engineering to solve complex problems.
• Problem analysis includes identifying, formulating, researching, and analyzing complex engineering problems.
• Design/development of solutions includes designing solutions for complex problems with consideration for public health, safety, and the environment.
• Investigations of complex problems involves using research-based knowledge and methods.
• Modern tool usage focuses on creating, selecting, and applying appropriate techniques and IT tools with an understanding of their limitations.
• The engineer and society involves applying reasoning to assess societal, health, safety, legal, and cultural issues in engineering practice.
• Environment and sustainability involves understanding the impact of engineering solutions and promoting sustainable development.
• Ethics includes applying ethical principles and committing to professional responsibilities.
• Individual and team work involves functioning effectively as an individual and in diverse, multidisciplinary teams.
• Communication focuses on communicating engineering activities effectively with engineers and the public.
• Project management and finance includes demonstrating knowledge of engineering and management principles.
• Life-long learning involves recognizing the need for independent learning in a changing technological landscape.

Program Educational Objective (PEO)

• PEO1 is on providing fundamental knowledge in mathematics, science and engineering (Fundamental Knowledge).
• PEO2 is on applying computing practices and technologies to analyze, design, implement, and test systems (Design and development).
• PEO3 enables skill sets with social impacts of computing technologies (Skill Set).
• PEO3 also includes producing team leaders, communicators working multi-disciplinary environments(Communication).
• PEO4 is to succeed ethically in industry or government (Professionalism).
• PEO4 aims for substantial societal contributions (Societal Contribution).

Course Outcome (CO)

• CO1 focuses on the basic structures, connectivity, and software aspects of computer hardware units.
• CO2 deals with the basic structure of machine instructions, programs, and memory location understanding.
• CO3 involves analyzing different memory types in the hierarchy, their mapping, and performance evaluation.
• CO4 focuses on processor internals, instruction execution via different hardware, and control unit operations.
• CO5 covers ALU design for arithmetic and register usage.
• CO6 is about analyzing secondary storage and I/O communication with the CPU including data transfer.

Course Syllabus

• Unit 1 is the structure of a computer system.
• Unit 2 is memory organization.
• Unit 3 is process and control unit.
• Unit 4 is computer arithmetic.
• Unit 5 is secondary storage and I/O.

Unit 1 (Topics to be covered)

• Organization & Architecture
• CPU Architecture
• Structure & Function
• Register Organization
• Brief History of computers
• Instruction types
• Von Neumann Architecture
• Types of operands
• Bus Structure
• Instruction formats
• Elements of Bus Design
• Addressing modes and Address translation
• Instruction cycles
• RISC and CISC Processors
• Pipelining, Pipelining Hazards
• Superscalap Processors, Performance consideration

Self Study

• Single core vs Multicore processor organization is a topic for self study
• PCI Bus is a topic for self study
• Basic multiprocessor architecture is a topic for self study

Contents

• The contents include the topics of organization and architecture.
• The contents include the topics of structure & function, and brief history of computers
• The contents include the topics of Von Neumann Architecture.

Organization and Architecture

• Computer architecture is the science of designing computer systems with high performance and reasonable cost.
• A computer's architecture provides attributes needed by machine language programmers or system software designers.
• It embodies a conceptual model which entails set of instructions, instruction format and, operation codes.
• A conceptual model also entails operand types, addressing modes, registers, and memmory space utilization.
• Further aspects of the model include I/O space allocation, interrupt assignments and priority.
• Other facts to consider are DMA channels assignment and priority, I/O techniques, controller command and status formats.
• Computer architecture is a functional description of requirements and design implementation for the various parts of a computer.
• This includes dealing with system's functional behavior and describing what the computer does.
• Computer organization provides an in-depth view of the functional structure and logical interconnection of functional blocks.
• Computer organization involves hardware specifics.
• Two computers having same organization may differ in their architecture.
• While designing a computer, its architecture is fixed and then its organization is determined.

Computer Organization and Functional Units

• A modern computer is a system consisting of hardware and software.
• The hardware contains memory, arithmetic and logic unit (ALU), control unit, input unit and output unit.
• Programs and data enter through the input unit, memory stores program and data, and the control unit fetches/analyzes instructions.
• The control unit also issues control signals, the ALU performs arithmetic and logical tasks.
• The ALU, memory and control unit are all part of functional units in computer organization.
• Lastly output unit sends processed instructions out.
• Computers accept coded information through input units; keyboards are the most common input device.
• Pressing a key translates the letter/digit into corresponding binary code and transmits it to the processor.
• An output unit is designed to send processed results to the outside world.
• Some units provide both output function, showing text/graphics, and input function, through touchscreen capability.
• Input devices include: keyboard, mouse, scanner, joystick, and digital versatile disk
• Output devices include: printers, plotters, and digital versatile disk(DVD).

Peripheral devices and functions

• Keyboard detects key presses and sends code. It is a common input device.
• The mouse coordinates and controls the curser.
• A printer produces output on paper.
• A floppy disk drives records data on rotating diskettes
• A digital camera captures images and stores them, then transfers them to computers
• Compact disks store large amounts of data using technology to produce a laser beam.
• A web camera is a low cost digital camera that can be attached to Ineternet.
• Pen drives use erasable memory.

Input/Output Techniques

• Input/output devices help give/take data and programs to/from computers.
• Input operations move infos from input device to the memory or CPU
• Output operation moves information from memory or CPU to the putput devices
• I?O routines take care of input/output, interacting with the device controller for input/output.
• I/O routines follow 3 methods to provide data as shown in
  • I/O routine transfers.
  • CPU functions
  • transfer every part of data through the CPU in two ways with byte of data through the PU in 2 steps:
    • 1. the 1/0 routine follows 3 different methods for performing data transits follows 3 different methods for
    • 2 In the first metheds the I/routine transfers every part(Byte) in 2 steps, and
• IN or OUT instructions transfer data.
• Data transfers from high speed devices cannot handled by programmed/interrupt mode because its too slow.
• Programmed/interrupt mode is better fro slow devices so CPU doesnt waste time between byte.

(ALU) and Control Unit:

• The ALU and control unit have temporary storage units called registers.
• Registers act as fast memory with a single location.
• The registers temporarily store information for instructions, data, addresses, etc
• Using registers is more advantageous because they can be read faster than fetching them from memory.
• The ALU, plus the control unit create the central processing unit (CPU) or processor.
• The nucleus of a processor is formned by both the memory and CPU electronic circuits. Input/output units consist of both electronic circuits and a mechanical assembly.
• Input/Output devices are also known as peripherals.

Arithmetic and Log Unit (ALU)

• Most computer operations are executed in the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
• Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, or comparison of number.
• All operations are initiated by bringing the requires operands into the processor where the operation is performed.
• Register usage is storing operands that are brought into processor are used as high speed storage units..

Control Unit

-The memory, alu, and 1/0 units store and process information and perform input and output ops.

• The control unit sends signals to other units
• The ALU performs the 1/0 transfers with program intructions.
• The control circuity is responsible for getting the transfers and detemine when an acton is needed.
• Data between the processors store the memory through the control unit

More Info on Control Unit

• A control unit interacts with other parts of the computer.
• Much of the control circuitry is physically distributed.
• The operation of a compuer can be sumarizied that is accepts infomatio and proceses and stores in the memory.
• All activities in the computer are direted by the control unt.
• A program accepts programs and data with the imput unt and a store it in the memory

Explores the relationship between computer system knowledge and professional skills. It connects understanding computer architecture to assessing social impact, contributing to society, team leadership, ethical practice, and lifelong learning. The course underscores the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration in computing.