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Questions and Answers
What is the primary consequence of a loss of confidentiality?
What is the primary consequence of a loss of confidentiality?
Which of the following correctly describes integrity in the context of security objectives?
Which of the following correctly describes integrity in the context of security objectives?
What does availability in a security context refer to?
What does availability in a security context refer to?
Which additional security concept is primarily concerned with verification of identities?
Which additional security concept is primarily concerned with verification of identities?
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What is the role of accountability in security?
What is the role of accountability in security?
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According to FIPS 199, what level of impact is classified as low?
According to FIPS 199, what level of impact is classified as low?
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Which security objective involves protecting personal privacy and proprietary information?
Which security objective involves protecting personal privacy and proprietary information?
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Which of the following is true regarding authenticity and integrity?
Which of the following is true regarding authenticity and integrity?
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What is the goal when dealing with active attacks?
What is the goal when dealing with active attacks?
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What is an example of a denial of service attack?
What is an example of a denial of service attack?
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Which area requires primarily computer security technical measures?
Which area requires primarily computer security technical measures?
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What characterizes passive attacks compared to active attacks?
What characterizes passive attacks compared to active attacks?
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Which functional area involves both technical measures and management controls?
Which functional area involves both technical measures and management controls?
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Which is NOT a requirement listed under FIPS PUB 200?
Which is NOT a requirement listed under FIPS PUB 200?
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What must be prioritized in response to an active attack?
What must be prioritized in response to an active attack?
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What is the main focus of management measures in security?
What is the main focus of management measures in security?
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What are the three fundamental questions addressed in computer security?
What are the three fundamental questions addressed in computer security?
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Which of the following is NOT a part of the CIA triad?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the CIA triad?
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What type of attack can lead to misappropriation of service?
What type of attack can lead to misappropriation of service?
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What does data confidentiality aim to ensure?
What does data confidentiality aim to ensure?
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Which category of computer system assets is most vulnerable to attack?
Which category of computer system assets is most vulnerable to attack?
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Which statement best describes data integrity?
Which statement best describes data integrity?
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Which of the following scenarios illustrates a threat to system integrity?
Which of the following scenarios illustrates a threat to system integrity?
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What is a significant threat concerning software assets?
What is a significant threat concerning software assets?
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What security concern is primarily related to data assets?
What security concern is primarily related to data assets?
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What does availability in the context of computer security ensure?
What does availability in the context of computer security ensure?
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What can result from software modification by a virus?
What can result from software modification by a virus?
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Which organization provides standards related to the security categorization of information systems?
Which organization provides standards related to the security categorization of information systems?
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What is the significance of the CIA triad in computer security?
What is the significance of the CIA triad in computer security?
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Which measure is most effective in addressing threats to hardware assets?
Which measure is most effective in addressing threats to hardware assets?
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What is the risk associated with the theft of CD-ROMs and DVDs?
What is the risk associated with the theft of CD-ROMs and DVDs?
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What type of access can lead to misuse of a computer system?
What type of access can lead to misuse of a computer system?
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What is the purpose of an attack surface analysis?
What is the purpose of an attack surface analysis?
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In an attack tree, what does a leaf node represent?
In an attack tree, what does a leaf node represent?
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What type of node requires all subgoals to be achieved for success?
What type of node requires all subgoals to be achieved for success?
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Which of the following best describes vulnerabilities in the human attack surface?
Which of the following best describes vulnerabilities in the human attack surface?
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What is the role of branches in an attack tree?
What is the role of branches in an attack tree?
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How does defining an attack surface help security designers?
How does defining an attack surface help security designers?
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Which of the following statements about attack trees is true?
Which of the following statements about attack trees is true?
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What do network protocol vulnerabilities typically involve?
What do network protocol vulnerabilities typically involve?
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Study Notes
Computer Security Overview
- Security deals with protecting computer-related assets from threats.
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Three fundamental questions in security:
- What assets need protection?
- How are those assets threatened?
- What countermeasures can be used?
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Three key security objectives:
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Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
- Includes data confidentiality and privacy.
- Integrity: Ensuring data and systems remain unchanged without authorized modifications.
- Availability: Guaranteeing timely and reliable access to systems and services.
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Confidentiality: Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access.
- CIA triad: confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
- NIST standard FIPS 199: Defines confidentiality, integrity, and availability as the three security objectives for information and information systems.
Expanding Security Objectives
- Authenticity: Verifying the genuineness and trustworthiness of users and data sources.
- Accountability: Ensuring actions can be traced back to a specific entity for non-repudiation, fault isolation, and forensic analysis.
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Impact Levels:
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Low: Limited adverse effect on operations, assets, or individuals.
- Misappropriation: Unauthorized use of resources, such as in distributed denial-of-service attacks.
- Misuse: Malicious code or unauthorized access leading to security function disruption.
- Moderate: Serious adverse effect on operations, assets, or individuals.
- High: Severe or catastrophic adverse effect on operations, assets, or individuals.
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Low: Limited adverse effect on operations, assets, or individuals.
Computer System Assets
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Hardware:
- Threat: Availability is a primary concern.
- Countermeasures: Physical and administrative security measures.
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Software:
- Threat: Availability is a primary concern.
- Countermeasures: Careful software configuration management.
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Data:
- Threat: Confidentiality (secrecy), integrity, and availability are all concerns.
- Countermeasures: Access control, encryption, and data integrity checks.
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Communication Lines and Networks:
- Threats: Interception (passive attack) and modification (active attack) of data.
- Countermeasures: Encryption, firewalls, intrusion detection systems.
Attack Types
- Passive Attacks: Eavesdropping or monitoring communications without altering them.
- Active Attacks: Modifying data, disrupting services, or introducing false information.
Countermeasures
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FIPS PUB 200: Defines 17 security-related functional areas:
- Access control, Identification and authentication, System and communication protection, System and information integrity, Awareness and training, Audit and accountability, Certification, accreditation, and security assessments, Contingency planning, Maintenance, Physical and environmental protection, Planning, Personnel security, Risk assessment, Systems and services acquisition, Configuration management, Incident response, Media protection.
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Attack Surface:
- Network attack surface: Vulnerabilities in network protocols and services.
- Software attack surface: Vulnerabilities in software code.
- Human attack surface: Vulnerabilities due to human error or social engineering.
Attack Tree Analysis
- A hierarchical representation of attack techniques.
- Visualizes how attackers can exploit vulnerabilities to achieve a goal.
- Helps understand attack patterns and prioritize security measures.
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of computer security, including the key security objectives of confidentiality, integrity, and availability, known as the CIA triad. It also discusses the importance of authenticity and accountability in protecting computer-related assets. Explore how to identify threats and implement effective countermeasures to safeguard information systems.