Computer Security: Ethics and Law in Canada

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of ethical considerations in technology?

  • Ensuring technological solutions are user-friendly
  • Maximizing financial gain for organizations
  • Moral implications of actions taken by individuals and organizations (correct)
  • Developing new technological innovations

Which ethical theory emphasizes duties and rules regardless of outcomes?

  • Deontological Ethics (correct)
  • Utilitarianism
  • Virtue Ethics
  • Consequentialism

Which of the following is a significant ethical issue in technology?

  • User interface design
  • Cost-effectiveness of solutions
  • Data privacy concerns (correct)
  • Technical feasibility of systems

Virtue Ethics encourages individuals to cultivate which of the following?

<p>Personal virtues such as honesty and integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do ethical frameworks in technology typically vary?

<p>Across cultures and societies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical perspective is most concerned with maximizing overall happiness?

<p>Utilitarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must professionals in computer security ensure regarding sensitive information?

<p>Protection and ethical compliance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would NOT be considered an ethical consideration in technology?

<p>Strategies for reducing operational costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of confidentiality primarily ensure?

<p>Sensitive information is kept private and accessible only to authorized individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ethical principle is focused on maintaining the accuracy and consistency of data?

<p>Integrity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a breach in confidentiality in sectors like finance and healthcare?

<p>Severe consequences due to unauthorized disclosure of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is commonly used to uphold data integrity?

<p>Checksums and hash functions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does availability ensure regarding information and resources?

<p>Authorized users can access information and resources when needed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ethical consideration is associated with maintaining confidentiality?

<p>Ensuring the data is collected and used responsibly with informed consent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is considered critical for preventing unauthorized alterations to data?

<p>Integrity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What strategy is used to ensure data availability?

<p>Regular backups and disaster recovery plans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does whistleblowing commonly involve in the tech industry?

<p>Reporting unethical practices (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a motivation for whistleblowing?

<p>Desire for financial gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main challenges faced by whistleblowers?

<p>Retaliation from their employers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act provides a framework for whistleblower protections in the Canadian public sector?

<p>Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional effect can whistleblowing have on individuals?

<p>Significant stress and anxiety (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is known for whistleblowing related to surveillance programs?

<p>Edward Snowden (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse outcome may result from whistleblowing if proprietary information is disclosed?

<p>Legal repercussions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which sector can whistleblower protections vary significantly?

<p>Private sector (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of violating CASL?

<p>Significant fines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Privacy Act?

<p>To govern personal information handling by federal institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional requirement does the Digital Privacy Act impose on organizations after a data breach?

<p>They must notify affected individuals and the Privacy Commissioner (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which provinces have enacted their own privacy and data protection laws similar to PIPEDA?

<p>Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the Cyber Security Strategy for Canada?

<p>Enhancing cybersecurity in critical infrastructure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which framework is widely adopted by organizations to manage cybersecurity risks effectively?

<p>NIST Cybersecurity Framework (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for professionals in the field of computer security to ensure compliance?

<p>Staying informed of ongoing legal developments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does provincial legislation impact data handling practices?

<p>It imposes stricter requirements for data handling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary ethical consideration regarding integrity in computer security?

<p>Maintaining the accuracy and consistency of data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does confidentiality primarily focus on in the context of computer security?

<p>Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act requires organizations in Canada to obtain consent for the collection and use of personal information?

<p>Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Digital Privacy Act in relation to PIPEDA?

<p>To enhance privacy protections and introduce mandatory breach reporting. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential consequence of violating ethical standards in computer security?

<p>Legal consequences and financial losses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does availability correlate with ethical issues in computer security?

<p>By balancing accessibility measures and security protocols. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Criminal Code of Canada address regarding computer security?

<p>Outlining penalties for cybercrime and data breaches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an ethical dilemma related to integrity in computer security?

<p>Deciding whether to report a vulnerability or protect reputation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Utilitarian Approach emphasize in the context of whistleblowing?

<p>Evaluating actions based on their outcomes for the greatest number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key principle of PIPEDA?

<p>Organizations can indefinitely store personal information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a core focus of the Deontological Approach in whistleblowing?

<p>Strict adherence to moral duties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which section of the Criminal Code of Canada specifically targets unauthorized computer use?

<p>Section 342.1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under Canadian Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL), what is required before sending commercial electronic messages?

<p>Express consent from recipients (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential challenge faced by whistleblowers in the tech industry?

<p>Risk of social ostracization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act governs how private sector organizations in Canada handle personal information?

<p>Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is considered computer-related crime under the Criminal Code?

<p>Identity theft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Ethics

The principles that govern a person's behavior or conducting an activity.

Ethics in Computer Security

Ethical considerations play a vital role in computer security, alongside legal frameworks.

Ethics in Technology

The moral implications of actions taken by individuals and organizations in developing, deploying, and using technology.

Utilitarianism

A theory that supports the action leading to the greatest overall happiness or utility for everyone involved.

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Deontological ethics

A perspective that emphasizes duties and rules, stating that certain actions are right or wrong regardless of their outcomes.

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Virtue ethics

A theory focusing on the character of the moral agent rather than specific actions, encouraging honesty, integrity, and responsibility in technological practices.

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Privacy

A major ethical issue in technology, involving the collection, storage, and use of personal information.

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Data Privacy

Organizations must consider how they collect, store, and use personal information ethically.

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Integrity (in computer security)

Maintaining the accuracy and consistency of data. This principle raises ethical dilemmas when a professional needs to balance reporting vulnerabilities and protecting an organization's reputation.

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Confidentiality (in computer security)

Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. This principle involves handling personal data responsibly and ensuring individuals consent to their data usage.

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Availability (in computer security)

Ensuring that information and resources are accessible when needed. Ethical dilemmas arise when accessibility measures clash with security protocols, such as restricting access to sensitive data.

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Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA)

A federal law in Canada that outlines guidelines for the collection, use, and disclosure of personal information. Organizations must obtain consent and implement security measures to protect data.

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Digital Privacy Act (Canada)

A Canadian law that amends PIPEDA and strengthens privacy protections. It mandates breach reporting, requiring organizations to notify individuals when their personal information is compromised.

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Criminal Code of Canada (Cybercrime)

This law addresses cybercrime, including unauthorized access to computer systems, data breaches, and identity theft. It's critical to understand these legal standards to recognize criminal activity and ensure security measures comply.

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Consequences of Ethical Violations (in computer security)

Violating ethical standards can result in serious consequences for individuals and organizations. Professionals may face disciplinary actions, legal troubles, and reputational damage. Organizations can experience financial losses, legal penalties, and loss of public trust.

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Confidentiality

Protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. Keeping secrets safe. This is crucial for organizations that handle private data like healthcare records or financial information.

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Integrity

Ensuring data remains accurate and unaltered throughout its lifecycle. Trustworthy information for decision-making. Like an original document staying unchanged.

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Availability

Making sure information and resources are accessible to authorized users when needed. Organizations can function without interruption. Essential for businesses to operate smoothly.

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CIA Triad

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability are the three primary ethical principles in computer security. Ensuring responsible and secure data handling.

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Security Measures

A set of steps taken to protect information and prevent data breaches. Encryption, access controls, and authentication protocols help safeguard data.

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Authentication

Verifying a user's identity before granting access to systems or data. Essential for confidentiality and integrity.

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Access Controls

Granting different levels of access to specific information based on user roles. This helps enforce confidentiality and integrity.

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Encryption

Transforming data into an unreadable format to protect it from unauthorized eyes. Like a code only a specific person can decode.

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Utilitarian Approach

A framework suggesting actions should be chosen based on their positive outcomes for the most people.

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Deontological Approach

A framework emphasizing following moral rules and duties, regardless of consequences.

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Whistleblower

A person who exposes wrongdoing within an organization, often at personal risk.

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PIPEDA

A legal framework governing how private organizations collect, use, and protect personal information in Canada.

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Criminal Code of Canada (Cybercrime Provisions)

Canadian law addressing various computer-related crimes, including hacking and unauthorized system access.

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CASL (Canadian Anti-Spam Legislation)

Legislation regulating commercial electronic messages in Canada, requiring consent and unsubscribe mechanisms.

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What is a 'whistleblower' in the tech industry?

An individual, often an employee, who reports unethical, illegal, or harmful practices within an organization, especially in the tech industry. They might disclose information about data breaches, misuse of user data, unethical algorithms, or unsafe working conditions.

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What is the main ethical motivation for whistleblowing?

Whistleblowers often act out of a strong sense of moral obligation to report wrongdoing, particularly when it involves public safety or harm to others.

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Besides ethical reasons, why might someone blow the whistle?

Laws exist that require employees in certain sectors to report illegal activities. Not reporting can have legal consequences.

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What's the main legal protection for whistleblowers in Canada?

In Canada, the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act safeguards federal employees who report wrongdoing. This prevents them from facing retaliation for doing the right thing.

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What are the potential risks to whistleblowers?

Whistleblowers may face various challenges, including losing their jobs, experiencing harassment, or having their reputations damaged.

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Give an example of a famous tech whistleblower and their impact.

Edward Snowden, a former NSA contractor, revealed classified information about surveillance programs, sparking worldwide debates about privacy and national security. This raised important ethical issues.

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Name a recent tech whistleblower who shed light on ethical concerns with social media.

Frances Haugen, a former Facebook employee, testified before Congress about the company's practices regarding misinformation and user safety. This highlight's the powerful role whistleblowers can play in exposing unethical practices in the tech industry.

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Why is understanding whistleblowing important in the tech industry?

Whistleblowing is a complex topic in the tech industry, involving ethical considerations, potential legal protections, and significant challenges for individuals who speak out against wrongdoing.

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Privacy Act (Canada)

A Canadian law governing how federal government institutions handle personal information, providing individuals with the right to access and correct their data. It emphasizes protecting information from unauthorized use and disclosure, promoting trust in government operations.

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Provincial Privacy Laws (Canada)

Canadian provinces have enacted their own privacy and data protection laws, like those in Alberta, British Columbia, and Quebec. These laws may impose stricter requirements than PIPEDA, emphasizing the importance of understanding regional legislation.

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Canadian Privacy Laws - Overview

A collection of federal and provincial laws in Canada that regulate how organizations collect, use, disclose, and protect personal information. These laws ensure a balance between data privacy and the development of technology.

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Cybersecurity Frameworks (Canada)

The Canadian government has developed frameworks and guidelines to enhance cybersecurity across different sectors. The Cyber Security Strategy for Canada aims to protect critical infrastructure, foster a culture of cybersecurity, and encourage collaboration. The NIST Cybersecurity Framework is widely adopted to manage cybersecurity risks.

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Importance of Understanding Canadian Computer Security Laws

The importance of understanding and complying with Canadian computer security laws, encompassing both federal and provincial regulations. Professionals must stay updated about legal developments to ensure their practices are ethical and compliant.

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Compliance with Canadian Computer Security Laws

These laws can result in significant fines for non-compliance, emphasizing the importance of understanding and adhering to them. Organizations need to ensure their practices and systems are compliant to avoid legal penalties.

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Study Notes

  • Computer security, also known as cybersecurity, is crucial in the digital age
  • Computer security encompasses the protection of computer systems and networks from information disclosure, theft, or damage to hardware, software, or data.
  • Key components of computer security include confidentiality (access only to authorized individuals)
  • Integrity (maintaining data accuracy) and availability (access to information and resources when needed)
  • Cyber threats include malware, phishing, denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, and insider threats.
  • Ethical considerations in computer security involve principles like confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
  • Legal frameworks, like PIPEDA in Canada, govern computer security practices, aiming to protect individuals and organizations from cyber threats.
  • Computer security is governed by various Canadian laws and regulations, aiming to protect individuals and organizations from cyber threats
  • Ethical considerations in cybersecurity involve principles like respect for privacy, the integrity of information, and responsible use of technology.
  • The use of technology must protect individual rights and ensure data is collected and used responsibly.

Importance of Computer Security in the Digital Age

  • Protection of sensitive information is key. Breaches can lead to identity theft, financial loss, and reputational damage.
  • Safeguarding privacy is crucial in the digital age.
  • Maintaining trust is important when organizations demonstrate a commitment to safeguarding information.

Regulatory Compliance

  • Organizations must comply with regulations governing data protection and privacy, such as PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act).

Ethical Decision-Making Frameworks

  • Utilitarianism (maximizing overall happiness)
  • Rights-based approach (respecting individual rights)
  • A justice approach (fairness and equity)
  • Care-based approach (empathy and importance of relationships)
  • Virtue ethics (focus on character and integrity)

Defining Ethics and Relevance to Computer Security

  • Ethics refer to principles and standards that guide individuals and organizations in determining what is right or wrong.
  • In computer security, ethics guides the policies and practices that govern how information is protected.
  • Ethical considerations include privacy in data collection, storage, and sharing,
  • Building trust with users, and accountability for breaches and their impact.

Ethical Issues in Technology

  • Privacy with increasing data collection
  • Security with protecting sensitive information
  • Intellectual Property with ethical considerations of ownership, copyright, and fair use in software & digital content.
  • Artificial Intelligence with ethical dilemmas around bias, accountability, and potential harm from AI development.

Whistleblowing in the Tech Industry

  • Whistleblowing involves reporting unethical, illegal, or harmful activities within an organization.
  • Motivation for whistleblowing includes ethical concerns, legal obligations, and personal integrity
  • Employees or others in the tech industry may face retaliation for reporting wrongdoing, so legal protections are essential
  • PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act) governs the handling of personal data for the private sector.
  • Criminal Code addresses computer-related crimes such as hacking, identity theft.
  • CASL (Canadian Anti-Spam Legislation) regulates commercial electronic messages.

International Considerations and Agreements

  • International frameworks and agreements (e.g., Budapest Convention, Global Cybersecurity Agenda) aim to address cybersecurity challenges globally by promoting cooperation between nations.

Comparison with Global Standards (e.g., GDPR)

  • GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is a strong data protection law in Europe contrasting with Canadian laws
  • GDPR's scope applies to all organizations processing data that are in the EU or their local legislation in areas like access requirements
  • Ethical considerations, data sovereignty,
  • International standards in data protection, especially those with greater detail than Canadian laws.

Cross-Border Data Flow Regulations and Challenges

  • Differences in data protection standards across various countries create challenges.
  • Disparity in various laws and regulations complicates data protection.
  • The complexities in managing cross-border data flows.

Key Ethical Principles

  • Confidentiality: Maintaining sensitive information as private and accessible only to authorized individuals.
  • Integrity: Preserving data accuracy and consistency, protecting it from unauthorized alteration.
  • Availability: Ensuring information and resources are accessible to authorized users when needed.

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