Computer Security Chapter 2: Cryptographic Tools
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic of symmetric encryption?

  • It relies on the same key for both encryption and decryption. (correct)
  • It uses a pair of keys for encryption and decryption.
  • It encrypts data at random locations on the disk.
  • It is less secure than public-key encryption.
  • What can typically be a method to encrypt stored data?

  • Library based tape encryption. (correct)
  • Recovery of data through physical destruction only.
  • Data should only be encrypted during transmission.
  • Using hardware-based encryption only.
  • Which statement about public-key encryption is true?

  • It requires users to share a secret key.
  • It is inherently slower than symmetric encryption.
  • It uses a pair of keys: a public key and a private key. (correct)
  • It can only encrypt small amounts of data.
  • What is a common feature of hash functions?

    <p>They produce a fixed-size output from variable-size inputs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'non-repudiation' refer to in digital signatures?

    <p>The assurance that the sender cannot deny sending the message.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common application of pseudorandom numbers?

    <p>Generating keys for symmetric encryption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach is NOT a typical method for archiving stored data securely?

    <p>Using public forums to share files.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does symmetric block encryption primarily achieve?

    <p>Breaking data into chunks for efficient processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the primary purpose of encryption for transmitted data?

    <p>To securely transmit information over networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it essential to use randomly generated keys in encryption?

    <p>To maintain the secrecy and security of the encryption process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Symmetric Encryption

    • Provides confidentiality for transmitted or stored data, also known as conventional encryption or single-key encryption.
    • Requires a strong encryption algorithm and secure sharing of a secret key between sender and receiver.

    Attacking Symmetric Encryption

    • Brute-Force Attacks:

      • Involves trying all possible keys on ciphertext to find intelligible plaintext.
      • On average, half of all possible keys must be tried for success.
    • Cryptanalytic Attacks:

      • Exploits algorithm characteristics and knowledge of plaintext attributes to deduce plaintext or key.
      • Success compromises all messages encrypted with that key.
    • Data Encryption Standard (DES):

      • A 64-bit block size with a 56-bit key, produces a 64-bit ciphertext block.
      • Considered insecure due to key length and has been extensively studied.
    • Triple DES:

      • Enhances DES by applying the algorithm three times with either two or three keys.
      • Key length of 168-bits increases security against brute-force attacks but is slower in software.
    • Advanced Encryption Standard (AES):

      • Developed as a replacement for 3DES, using 128-bit data blocks with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
      • Selected Rijndael as the standard for its superior efficiency and security.

    Practical Security Issues

    • Symmetric encryption commonly applied to larger data sets rather than single blocks.
    • Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode: Simplest form of block encryption but can expose regularities in plaintext, risking cryptanalysis.

    Types of Symmetric Encryption

    • Block Ciphers:

      • Process input in fixed-size blocks, providing an output block for each input.
      • More common in applications.
    • Stream Ciphers:

      • Encrypt data continuously, outputting one element at a time, generally faster and more efficient.

    Message Authentication

    • Protects against alterations and verifies the authenticity and sequence of received messages.
    • Can occur without confidentiality; combining both is recommended for stronger security.

    Hash Function Requirements for Authentication

    • Can process data of any size with a fixed-length output.
    • Must be one-way resistant (pre-image resistant) and collision resistant.

    Security of Hash Functions

    • Attacks include cryptanalysis and brute-force methods.
    • SHA is the most popular hash algorithm utilized.

    Public-Key Encryption

    • Proposed by Diffie and Hellman, operating on the basis of asymmetric keys (public and private).
    • Public key encryption allows anyone with the public key to decrypt messages.

    Applications of Public-Key Cryptosystems

    • RSA: Widely used algorithm for encryption and digital signatures.
    • Diffie-Hellman: Primarily for key distribution, not suitable for direct encryption or signatures.
    • DSS (Digital Signature Standard): Allows for signatures but not encryption of data.
    • Elliptic Curve: Supports signatures and encryption key distribution.

    Requirements for Public-Key Cryptosystems

    • Easy key pair creation and utilization for encryption/decryption.
    • Computationally difficult for adversaries to derive private keys from public keys or recover original messages without the private key.

    Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms

    • RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Adleman):
      • Developed in 1977, the most accepted public-key encryption method, works with integers for plaintext and ciphertext.### Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
    • Enables secure agreement on a shared secret key for symmetric encryption between two users.
    • Primarily focused on key exchange without providing encryption capabilities.

    Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms

    • Digital Signature Standard (DSS)

      • Provides functionalities for digital signatures using SHA-1.
      • Not suitable for encryption or key exchange.
    • Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)

      • Delivers security comparable to RSA but requires significantly smaller keys.

    Digital Signature Definition

    • Defined by NIST FIPS 186-4 as a cryptographic transformation mechanism that verifies:
      • Origin authentication.
      • Data integrity.
      • Signatory non-repudiation.
    • Functions as a data-dependent bit pattern generated from a data block.

    Digital Signature Algorithms

    • FIPS 186-4 specifies three algorithms:
      • Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA).
      • RSA Digital Signature Algorithm.
      • Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA).

    Random Numbers and Their Role

    • Random Number Requirements

      • Must exhibit uniform distribution for statistical fairness.
      • Should be unpredictable to prevent future number prediction.
      • Independence is key; no single number should be inferred from others.
    • Pseudorandom Number Generation

      • Often utilizes algorithmic methods, producing non-statistically random sequences.
      • Pseudorandom numbers may pass randomness tests but remain predictable.
    • True Random Number Generator (TRNG)

      • Draws from nondeterministic sources, such as physical phenomena (e.g., radiation).
      • Often included in modern processors for enhanced randomness.

    Encryption Applications

    • Commonly encrypts transmitted data, while encryption for stored data is less prevalent.
    • Historical data can be recoverable until disk sectors are reused, even after erasure.
    • Various approaches exist for encrypting stored data:
      • Commercial encryption solutions.
      • Back-end appliances.
      • Library-based tape encryption.
      • Background encryption for laptops/PCs.

    Summary Insights

    • Confidentiality and Symmetric Encryption

      • Includes symmetric block encryption algorithms and stream ciphers.
    • Message Authentication and Hash Functions

      • Discusses authentication using symmetric encryption and secure hash functions.
    • Public-Key Encryption

      • Covers structure, applications, and requirements of public-key cryptography and asymmetric encryption algorithms.
    • Key Management

      • Involves digital signatures, public-key certificates, and symmetric key exchanges using public-key encryption.
    • Random and Pseudorandom Numbers

      • Highlights the importance of random number use in cryptographic applications.
    • Practical Application of Encryption

      • Focuses on the encryption of stored data and the mechanisms to protect it effectively.

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    Description

    Explore the key concepts of symmetric encryption in chapter 2 of 'Computer Security: Principles and Practice'. Understand the requirements for secure encryption and the importance of a strong encryption algorithm. This quiz will test your knowledge on essential cryptographic tools.

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