Computer Science Quiz: Hardware and Software

3D Printer

• A 3D printer creates physical 3D objects from computer designs.
• CAD or 3D modeling software is used for the designs.

Accelerometer

• An input device in smartphones and tablets.
• Detects device orientation and movement.
• Allows screen orientation adjustments based on how the device is held.

Access Control

• Operating system verifies permission before installing software.
• Aims to prevent malware installation without user knowledge.

Algorithm

• A step-by-step solution for problem-solving (in programming).

Application Software

• Programs performing specific user tasks (e.g., word processors).

Archiving (Files)

• Creating file copies for reference, not regular use.

Aspect Ratio

• The width-to-height relationship of a display (e.g., 16:9).

Backup

• Making copies of files to prevent loss or damage.

Beta Software

• Preliminary versions of software released for public testing.
• Developers fix reported errors before release.

Biometric Identification

• Using unique biological measures (e.g., fingerprints, iris scans) for identification.

Bluetooth

• A short-range wireless technology connecting devices (e.g., mice, printers, smartphones).

Blu-ray

• An optical disc format for high-definition video and large data storage.

Boot

• The computer's startup process.
• Restarting a computer is rebooting.

Bug (Software)

• An accidental mistake in software code (not a virus).

Byte

• The space occupied by a single character (e.g., '4', 'A', '%').

Cache Memory

• High-speed memory for frequently accessed data, for faster retrieval.

Card Reader

• A device for inserting memory cards to transfer data.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)

• Painful nerve compression in the wrist caused by repetitive actions (e.g., typing).

Clipboard

• Temporary memory area for copied/moved text and graphics.
• Retained until pasted or program closes.

Cloud Computing

• Sharing and using resources/applications as services over the internet.

Cloud Storage

• Online storage of files accessible from anywhere with internet access.

Color Depth

• Number of bits to represent each pixel's color in an image.

Contrast Ratio

• Relationship between the darkest black and brightest white on a display.
• Higher values are better.

Convergence

• Combining separate technologies/functions into a single device (e.g., smartphones combining phone and tablet functions).

Core

• A single physical processor.
• "Dual Core" has two processors, "Quad Core" has four, etc.

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

• The hardware component that processes data and executes instructions.

Dedicated Device

• Devices designed for a single specific task (e.g., ATMs, GPS, microwaves).

Default Printer

• The printer that a print job is sent to unless otherwise specified.

Defragmentation

• Rearranging and consolidating fragmented files on disk for faster retrieval.

DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module)

• A standardized RAM "stick" fitting into DIMM slots on the motherboard.

Disk Cleanup

• Utility to remove unnecessary files to free up storage space.

Disk Scanner

• Utility to check for and fix errors/bad sectors on a drive.

Dongle

• A device plugged into a USB port to enable wireless connections (e.g., keyboard, mouse, 3G/4G).

Downward/Backward Compatibility

• Software ability to open and use files from previous versions.

Driver

• Software enabling a computer to communicate with hardware/devices.
• Typically installed automatically by the operating system.

DSLR Camera

• A type of digital camera for professional use offering lens changes and technical controls.

Entry-Level Computer

• The least expensive computer in its category (e.g., desktop PC), with lower specifications.

Ergonomics

• Studying and designing the workplace and equipment for worker comfort and safety.

EULA (End User License Agreement)

• A legally binding contract between a user and a software company detailing usage rules.

File Attribute

• Properties assigned to files (e.g., Hidden, Read-Only).

File Extension

• Characters (usually 3-5) identifying a file type (e.g., .docx is a Word file).

File Property

• Basic information about a file (e.g., name, size, modification date).

Formatting (a disk)

• Preparing a disk for data storage, erasing existing data.

Fragmentation

• Files becoming scattered on a disk over time, leading to slower performance.

Freeware

• Fully functional software usable and copyable without restrictions.

Geo-tagging

• Storing a photo's location (latitude/longitude) in the file metadata.

GHz (Gigahertz)

• The unit for measuring CPU speed.
• Higher is better.

GPS Device

• Calculates location (latitude/longitude) on Earth using signals from GPS satellites.

GPU (Graphics Processing Unit)

• The chip on a video card that improves performance for certain software (e.g., CAD, gaming).

Hard Copy

• Printed output (vs. soft copy, displayed on a screen).

HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface)

• Interface transmitting high-definition video and sound via a single cable.
• Digital signals for better quality.

Hidden (Attribute)

• File attribute making a file invisible in file listings.

Hybrid Computer

• A laptop/tablet with a reversible/detachable touch screen and keyboard.

Inkjet Printer

• A relatively inexpensive printer that sprays ink dots.
• Suitable for high-quality graphics (e.g., photos).

ISO Rating (Digital Camera)

• Measures a camera's sensitivity to light, higher values being better.

Laser Printer

• A relatively expensive, but cost-effective, printer using toner, suitable for high-volume printing.

Linux

• An open-source operating system.

Lumen (Data Projector)

• Measures the brightness of a data projector's image.
• Higher lumen ratings are better.

Memory (RAM)

• Temporary storage for programs and data during computer processing.
• Data lost when power is turned off.

Memory Card

• Electronic storage media used in digital cameras and smartphones.

Metadata

• Additional data describing a file (e.g., author, title).

Micro-USB

• A smaller type of USB port, often found on mobile devices.

Mobile User

• Users who need technology readily available for tasks (e.g., salespeople, consultants).

Motherboard

• A large board containing circuitry for connecting the CPU, RAM, storage, and peripherals.
• Allows communication between computer components.

Multi-function Printer

• A device combining printing, scanning, copying, and faxing capabilities.

Multitasking

• The operating system's ability to run multiple tasks/processes concurrently.

Multi-touch (Touch Screen)

• Touch screens allowing two or more fingers to be detected simultaneously.

Multi-user Operating System

• An operating system that allows multiple users to access the computer concurrently (in a network).

OCR (Optical Character Recognition)

• Converts scanned text images into editable text.

Online Storage

• Disk space allocated to a user online accessible from anywhere with internet access.

Open Source Software (OSS)

• Software freely used, modified, and distributed but not sold.

Operating System

• Software controlling all computer activities (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS, Android).

Patch (Software)

• Downloadable updates fixing bugs or vulnerabilities in existing software.

Path

• A series of folders leading to a specific file.

PDF (Portable Document Format)

• A file format for distributing documents, readable with a PDF reader.

Pen Input

• Using a pen/stylus with a pressure-sensitive digitizing tablet.

Phablet

• A smartphone with a larger screen (between a phone and tablet).

Pixel Density (DPI)

• Number of pixels per horizontal inch on a display, higher values are better.

Plain Text File

• Simple text files (without formatting) with a .txt extension.

Platform

• A type of operating system (e.g., Linux, Android, Windows).

Plug-and-Play

• Technology enabling the computer to automatically detect and configure connected devices quickly.

Pointing Stick

• A laptop input device acting as an alternative to a mouse.

POS (Point of Sale) System

• System used to speed up sales transactions.

Power User

• Users with specialized computing needs and using advanced software features.

PPM (Pages per Minute)

• Printer speed, measured in pages printed per minute.

Printer Queue

• Temporary storage for print jobs until the printer is ready.

Program Files

• Files that run applications (not data files), usually with a .com or .exe extension.

Proprietary Software

• Licensed software to be used under specified conditions (no modifications or distribution).

QR Code

• A two-dimensional barcode storing more data than standard barcodes.

Read-only

• A file attribute preventing modification of a file.

Refresh Rate

• Frequency of screen display refresh.
• Higher values are better.

Resolution (Display)

• The maximum number of pixels a display supports (horizontal x vertical).

Resolution (Scanner)

• The number of dots scanned per inch (DPI), indicating image clarity.

Resolution (Digital Camera)

• The total number of pixels making up an image, indicating the total image quality.

Resolution (Printer)

• Number of dots a printer creates per horizontal inch (DPI), indicating the quality of print output.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

• Uses small radio devices to store and transmit data (e.g., payment processing).

Rich Text Format

• A file format allowing many font/text and image formatting styles.

ROM (Read-Only Memory)

• A special chip holding instructions needed to start a computer.

RPM (Revolutions per Minute)

• Unit measuring a hard drive's rotational speed.

Safe Mode

• A computer startup mode for troubleshooting software problems.
• Loads only essential system programs.

SATA

• The internal hard drive interface connection type.

Scanner

• Input device that scans images into a computer (text, graphics, barcodes, QR codes).

Scheduler

• A program used to run other programs at specific times.

Screen Lock Pattern

• A security method for mobile devices requiring a drawn pattern.

Sensor Size (Digital Camera)

• The size of the sensor in a digital camera, impacting image quality.

Server

• A computer providing services/resources to other linked computers (clients) in a network.

Service Pack

• A collection of previous software updates (now less common, as automated updates are more frequent).

Shareware

• Software available for a trial period (e.g., 30 days).
• Full version requires payment after the trial period.

Single-user License

• Allows installation on only one computer.

Single-user Operating System

• Allows access by only one user at a time.

Site License

• Allows unlimited installations of software within an organization/company.

Soft Copy

• Visual output on a computer screen (opposite of hard copy).

SOHO User (Small Office/Home Office)

• A computer user for a small business.

Speech Recognition

• Software that understands spoken commands and converts speech to text.

Spooling

• Temporarily saving print jobs to disk until the printer is ready.

SSD (Solid State Drive)

• Electronic alternative to hard drives, using flash drive technology for fast access.

Subscription-Based Software

• Software with a monthly or yearly subscription for usage (e.g., Office 365).

System Requirements

• Minimum computer specifications needed to run a piece of software.

System Software

• Software controlling/supporting computer operations.

Tablet

• Portable computer with touch/pen-sensitive screen, suitable for extended use compared to smartphones.

Task Manager

• Provides information about computer performance and running applications/processes.

Tooltip

• Information that appears when the pointer rests on an icon or object.

Touch Screen

• Input/output screen used in smartphones/tablets, may use finger touch or stylus.

Touchpad

• Pressure-sensitive surface on laptops as a mouse alternative.

Trackball

• An input device with a ball that users roll to move the pointer.

Update (Software)

• Fixes bugs or adds features to existing software.

Upgrade (Software)

• A new software version with substantial changes/features that typically requires payment.

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

• Protects computers from power surges/outages to save work before a shutdown.

USB Port

• Standard port for connecting peripherals (e.g., keyboards, mice, printers).

Utility Programs

• System software for computer maintenance tasks.

VGA Port

• Port connecting a monitor to a computer, largely replaced by other connections.

Video Card

• A separate board with memory and GPU for improved video processing in a computer.

Virtual Assistant

• Software that understands and responds to spoken commands.

Virtual Memory

• Uses disk space to simulate more RAM than physically installed.
• Allows running more programs.

Voice Recognition Software

• Allows computers to understand speech, including command execution and dictation.

Volatile Memory

• Temporarily holds data lost when power is off (e.g., RAM).

Webcam

• A low-resolution camera used for real-time video feeds (e.g., video conferencing).

Zoom (Digital)

• Enlarging an image, losing quality and resolution.

Zoom (Optical)

• Image enlargement using camera lenses, preserving image quality.

3G/4G (LTE)

• Cellular mobile phone technology generations with high-tech network infrastructure.

802.11 a/b/g/n

• Wi-Fi standards indicating wireless adapter specifications and network speed.

Add-on/Extension (Browser)

• Third-party apps extending browser functionality (e.g., translation, ad blockers).

ADSL

• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, a permanent internet connection using telephone lines at a fixed cost..

Archiving (Email)

• Moving emails to an archive folder without deleting.

AUP (Acceptable Use Policy)

• Policy outlining user rights and responsibilities in networked environments.

Backbone (Network)

• Cable connecting different LANs.

Bandwidth

• The amount of data transferred per unit of time (measured in Kbps or Mbps).

Bookmarks (Web Browser)

• Stored shortcuts to frequently visited web pages (also known as Favorites).

Botnet

• A network of compromised computers controlled remotely to perform malicious actions.

Broadband

• A high-speed internet connection.

BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)

• Policy allowing users to bring personal devices to school/work for internet access.

Caching (Web)

• Temporarily storing recently accessed web pages for faster reloading.

Cap (Data Usage)

• A limit on data usage for a month.

CAPTCHA

• Test determining if a user is a human or a computer program.

Clients (Network)

• Devices using resources/services from servers in a computer network.

Distributed Processing

• Solving problems by distributing processing tasks among multiple computers.

Distribution List (Email)

• Grouped email addresses for sending emails to multiple recipients.

E-commerce

• Business transactions done over the internet.

EFT (Electronic Funds Transfer)

• Transferring money electronically using internet banking.

Email

• Electronic mail: composing, sending, and receiving messages digitally.

Fiber Cable

• Network cable using light signals for high-speed data transmission.

Firewall

• A barrier between a computer and the internet, filtering incoming/outgoing network traffic.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• Protocol for transferring files between remote computers.

Grid Computing

• Sharing computer resources to solve a single problem to increase processing power.

HAN (Home Area Network)

• Small network connecting devices within a home environment.

History (Web Browser)

• Records previously visited web pages.

Home Page

• A website's main page containing information and links to other pages.

Hotspot

• Area/range of Wi-Fi network signal coverage

Hyperlink

• A connection to another place in a document or web page (often underlined blue text ).

Instant Messaging (IM)

• Real-time communication (text, images, video, voice) between users.

Internet

• A global computer network connecting computers and devices.

Intranet

• A private network within an organization for internal communication.

IP Address

• A unique numerical address identifying a device on a network or the internet.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)

• Company providing internet access.

ISP-Based Email

• Email access using software like Outlook configured with ISP credentials.

LAN (Local Area Network)

• A network connecting computers within a small area (e.g., school, office building).

LTE (Long Term Evolution)

• The next-generation high-speed cellular technology (4G).

Mailing List

• Grouped email addresses for sending mass mailings.

NFC (Near Field Communication)

• Wireless data exchange between devices through close contact.

NIC (Network Interface Controller)

• Hardware enabling network connection to a wired network.

PAN (Personal Area Network)

• A network organized around an individual or a couple of individuals.

Plug-in (Browser)

• Third-party apps for specialized content display within a browser (e.g., Flash videos).

Podcast

• Audio/video files available for download on the internet.

Pop-up (Web Browser)

• Small browser windows that appear on top of a website.

Real-time Messaging

• Real-time online communication exchange of messages (including text, images, video, and voice).

Router

• Network device enabling device connection and internet access (using wired or wireless connections, e.g., Wi-Fi).

RSS (Really Simple Syndication)

• Technology for automatically updating users with new content from multiple sites (blog entries, news headlines).

Search Engine

• Software for searching documents on the web using keywords/phrases.

Secure URL

• URL starting with "https://" or having a locked symbol in the address bar showing secure access.

Shaped Connection (Network Tuning)

• Internet connection prioritizing certain services (email, download, browsing).

Skype

• Popular VoIP software for voice/video communication.

Social Networking Site

• Websites where users share information (likes, activities, etc.).

Spam

• Unwanted email advertisements (electronic junk mail).

Switch (Network)

• Device connecting computers in a LAN, but not for internet access.

Syncing (Files)

• Keeping files consistent across multiple devices, automatically updating to the latest version.

Tabbed Browsing

• Multiple open web pages in separate tabs on a single browser to allow quick page transitions.

Thin Client

• Inexpensive computers with minimal processing capabilities relying on a server for resources.

Throttling (Internet)

• ISP slowing internet speed due to excessive data usage.

Twitter

• Microblogging service letting users send messages (tweets) to followers.

Unshaped Connection

• Internet connection giving all services equal priority.

URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

• Unique web address for locating resources on the web.

URL Shortener

• Service converting long URLs to shorter, easier-to-remember versions.

UTP Cable (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

• Common network cable type for computer connections.

Video Blog (Vlog)

• A blog that uses videos as the primary format of communication.

Video Conference

• Online conference using computer networks to enable audio/video communication.

Virtual Community

• Online groups sharing ideas and interests.

Virus Signature (Definition)

• A unique pattern identifying a specific malware type.

Vlog

• See Video Blog

Vodcast

• See Podcast

VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol)

• Technology enabling phone calls over computer networks (e.g., Skype calls).

WAN (Wide Area Network)

• A computer network spanning a large geographic area (cities, countries).

Web Application/Online Software

• Software running on servers viewed through a web browser.

Web Page

• Document (containing text, images, audio, video) viewed in a web browser.

Web-Based Email

• Email service accessed through a web browser.

Weblog/Blog

• Regularly updated website offering news, events, and activities in chronological order.

Wi-Fi

• Wireless internet connection, enabling access in a specific range ("hotspot").

Wiki

• Collaborative website where multiple people contribute content.

WiMAX

• Advanced, more secure wireless network technology covering wider areas than Wi-Fi.

WLAN (Wireless LAN)

• A LAN with at least part of its connection done wirelessly.

WWW (World Wide Web)

• A service on the internet presenting a vast collection of interconnected documents.

Adware

• Software displaying many advertisements.

Augmented Reality

• Technology enhancing the real world with computer-generated images/objects.

Big Data

• Very large datasets analyzed to reveal trends and associations.

Bitcoin

• Digital currency not controlled by any bank or country.

Bot (Robot)

• A compromised (infected) computer remotely controlled.

Card Skimmer

• Device that steals magnetic stripe information from credit cards.

Click-jacking

• A malicious attack redirecting clicks to different destinations than intended.

Computer Virus

• A program disrupting computer functions without user consent.

Computer Worm

• Malware capable of self-replicating and distributing over networks (e.g., via emails).

Crowdfunding

• Funding a project/business idea via small amounts from many people.

Cyber-bullying

• Using digital communication to spread rumors and harass others.

Cyber-stalking

• Harassing someone using the internet.

Cyberterrorism

• Attacks targeting a country’s IT infrastructure via the internet.

Digital Divide

• Uneven access to technology for populations in developing or poorer areas.

Digital Migration(Digitization of Media)

• Moving from analog to digital broadcasting (TV signals).

DoS Attack (Denial-of-Service)

• Attack using many infected computers to flood a server with requests, making it unavailable.

E-mail Spoofing

• Forged email headers making the sender appear different from the actual sender.

Green Computing

• Using computers in an environmentally conscious way.

Hackers/Crackers

• Computer criminals (hackers for prestige, crackers for malicious intent).

Hoax (Internet)

• Deceptive messages/articles spread through various digital communication channels.

Identity Theft

• Criminals stealing an identity to perform fraudulent activities.

Information Overload

• Unable to manage the amount of information encountered daily, resulting in feelings of helplessness.

IoT (Internet of Things)

• The trend of connecting everyday devices to the internet for remote monitoring and control.

Keylogger

• Spyware recording keystrokes for extracting passwords and confidential information.

Malware

• Malicious software.

Mobile Learning

• Education/training delivered and conducted via the internet using mobile devices.

Pharming

• Redirect users to fake websites irrespective of the correct URL, stealing sensitive information.

Phishing

• Tricking users into giving up private information (passwords, credit card details) posing as a legitimate entity.

Quarantine (Virus)

• Isolating a virus in a designated area to prevent further spread.

Ransomware

• Malware encrypting data and demanding payment for release.

RSI (Repetitive Strain Injury)

• Injuries from repetitive fast actions.

Smart Home

• Home using virtual assistant software and internet-enabled devices for remote control.

SMiShing

• Phishing attack delivered through SMS messages on smartphones.

Social Engineering

• Tricking individuals into revealing confidential information or granting access.

Software Piracy

• Illegal copying and distribution of software.

Spyware

• Software monitoring computer use and reporting data to third parties.

Telecommuting

• Working remotely using electronic communication for interactions with colleagues and clients.

Trojan

• Destructive program disguised as a useful application.

Virtual Reality

• Computer-generated immersive environments replacing the real world.

Closed Questions

• Questions that can be answered with direct facts.

Information Management

• Topics related to managing information.

Open-ended Questions

• Questions that require exploring or judging information.

Sample Group

• Subset of people selected to represent a larger target group.

Target Audience

• The group of people the information is aimed at or intended for.

Target Group

• The group of people who are being studied or researched.

Absolute Cell Reference (Excel)

• Cell reference unaffected by copying formulas or functions.
• Uses dollar signs to prevent changes.

Append (Access)

• Adding records to an existing table in a database.

Attribute (HTML)

• Name/value pair defining an element's property.

Bibliography

• Citing sources used in a document.

Bookmark (HTML)

• Marking a position on a web page with a name.

Bookmark (Word)

• Marking document locations for quick navigation.

Caption (Word)

• Numbered descriptions for graphics and tables.

Chart Area (Excel)

• Includes the Plot Area and chart surrounding elements (e.g., titles).

Citation (Word)

• Referencing a source in the body of a document.

Column Break (Word)

• Starting text at the top of the next column.

Combo Box (Access)

• A list of values for users to select from.

Combo Chart (Excel)

• Chart type using different chart types for different data series.

Constant (Excel)

• Value with a fixed amount (e.g., 3.5).

Crop (Word)

• Removing unwanted parts of a picture.

Cross-reference (Word)

• Referring to other parts of the same document (creating hyperlinks).

CSV File (Comma Separated Values File)

• Text file using commas to separate data items in each row.

Data Labels (Excel)

• Values displayed for data points on a chart.

Data Series (Excel)

• Column/row data represented on a chart.

Data Validation

• Techniques to prevent invalid data input.

Date Picker (Access)

• Selecting a date using a calendar-like onscreen control.

Default Value (Access)

• Automatically assigned value to a field in a new record.

Delimiter

• Character separating data values (e.g., comma, space, tab).

Drop Cap

• Enlarged first letter or word of a paragraph, dropping into line(s) below.

En Dash (Word)

• Dash longer than a hyphen, used for number ranges and parentheses.

Endnote (Word)

• Similar to footnotes, but placed after a document or section.

Exporting (Data)

• Saving data in a different format for compatibility with various applications.

Field (Access)

• Single piece of data element in a database.

Filter (Access)

• Criterion displaying specific records that meet a certain condition.

Filter (Excel)

• Displaying selected rows in a worksheet based on criteria.

Footnote (Word)

• Additional information at the bottom of a page, linked to the text above.

Gap Width (Excel)

• Distance between bars or columns in charts (as a percentage).

Gridlines (Excel Chart)

• Lines making it easier to interpret data points in a chart.

Gridlines (Excel Worksheet)

• Lines separating worksheet cells into rows and columns.

Hard Space (Word)

• Space preventing word wrapping.

Header/Footer (Word)

• Areas in the document margins for page-specific information (e.g., page numbers, logos).

HTML

• HyperText Markup Language for creating web pages' structure and content.

Importing (Data)

• Opening and importing data from a different format/file type.

Input Mask (Access)

• Enforcing data input format in a field (using characters/symbols).

Label (Access)

• Field to contain text (e.g., headings, captions) on a form.

Legend (Excel Chart)

• Key to identifying chart data series (e.g., bars, lines) visually.

List Box (Access)

• A list of values to select from in a form, but cannot add new ones.

Markers (Excel Chart)

• Dots/crosses used to represent data values on charts to indicate data point characteristics.

Non-breaking Hyphen (Word)

• Hyphen preventing the line break between words.

OLE Object (Access)

• Data type to support graphics, audio, video, and other complex files in a database record.

Page Break (Word)

• Starting text on a new page without separating the document into sections.

Plot Area (Excel Chart)

• Area plotting chart data points (e.g., bars, lines).

Primary Key (Access)

• Unique identifier for each record in a table.

Record (Access)

• Group of related fields containing details for a given entity.

Relative Cell Reference (Excel)

• Cell reference automatically adjusted when copied to a different location.

Section (Word)

• Documented part that can be formatted independently.

Section Break (Word)

• Separating a document into distinct sections for different formatting.

Stack and Scale (Excel)

• Representing chart data series using pictures to show different measured units within a chart.

Stacked Chart (Excel)

• Presenting data series side by side in one chart, where data values are stacked together.

String (Text Data)

• Combinations of letters, digits, and symbols in text data.

Style (Word)

• Predefined set of formatting settings (e.g., font, paragraph).

Table of Contents (Word)

• Auto-generated list of document headings and their corresponding pages.

Template (Document)

• Pre-designed document format for user input/creation, with suitable layout to achieve a desired look and feel.

Track Changes (Word)

• Feature in a document marking user edits and changes (inserting, deleting, or modifying).

Trendline (Excel)

• "Best-fit" line on a chart to show data trend over a period (straight or curved for data point trends).

Valid Data

• Data values acceptable within specified parameters (correct format, values and restrictions).

Validation Rule (Access)

• Condition specifying the type of data acceptable within a database field (numeric, text, dates, etc.).

Validation Text (Access)

• Message displayed when data in the field does not comply with the validation rule.

Watermark (Word)

• Lightly displayed text or image as a background on the document pages.

Widow/Orphan (Word)

• Single isolated line or lines from a paragraph at the top or bottom of a page.

Word, Excel, Access, HTML

• Software applications and a markup language used for various tasks.