Questions and Answers
What is the purpose of the getchar() function in the given program?
To wait for a key press before exiting the program
What is the output of the program when printf("\ndnum = %d = %5d = %05d = %-5d.", dnum, dnum, dnum, dnum) is executed?
dnum = 56 = 56 = 00056 = 56
What is the purpose of the #include preprocessor directive?
To include a header file
What is the output of the program when printf("\nfnum = %.2f = %.05f = %.12f", fnum, fnum, fnum) is executed?
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What is the data type of the variable dnum in the given program?
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What is the purpose of the % character in the printf function?
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What is the output of the program when printf("\nname = %s = %10s = %-10s.", name, name, name) is executed?
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What is the purpose of the main function in the given program?
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What is the output of the program when printf("%.3f\n", 123.456789) is executed?
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What is the purpose of the %d format specifier in the printf function?
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Study Notes
Memory Concepts
- A variable's name corresponds to a location in the computer's memory.
- Every variable has a name, type, size, and value.
- Assigning a new value to a variable replaces the previous value.
- Reading a variable from memory does not change its value.
Visual Representation
- A visual representation of variables in memory shows their names, values, and sizes.
Arithmetic
- Use
*for multiplication and/for division. - Integer division truncates the remainder.
- The modulus operator
%returns the remainder. - Arithmetic operators follow a specific order of precedence.
- Use parentheses to clarify expressions when necessary.
- Example: Calculate the average of three variables
a,b, andcusing(a + b + c) / 3.
Arithmetic Operators
- Arithmetic operators follow rules of operator precedence.
Decision Making
- Executable statements perform actions or decisions.
- The
ifcontrol statement executes a block of code if a condition is true. - In C, 0 is false, and non-zero is true.
- Control always resumes after the
ifstructure. - Keywords are special words reserved for C and cannot be used as identifiers or variable names.
Formatting Output
- The
printffunction can format output using various specifiers. -
%3dspecifier prints a 3-digit decimal number, padding with blank spaces to the left. -
%03dspecifier prints a 3-digit decimal number, padding with zeros to the left. -
%5sspecifier prints a string of five characters, padding with blank spaces to the left. -
%-5sspecifier prints a string of five characters, padding with blank spaces to the right. -
%.3fspecifier prints a floating-point number with three digits after the decimal point, padding with zeros to the right.
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