Computer Science: Machine Learning and Engineering

• Computer science is the study of computation and information
• Deals with the theory, design, development, and application of computers and computer systems

Machine Learning

• Machine learning is a subfield of artificial intelligence that focuses on enabling computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
• Supervised learning involves training a model on labeled data to make predictions or classifications.
• Unsupervised learning involves discovering patterns and relationships in unlabeled data.
• Reinforcement learning trains an agent to make decisions in an environment to maximize a reward.
• Deep learning employs artificial neural networks with multiple layers to analyze data representations.

Software Engineering

• Software engineering is a systematic approach to the design, development, testing, and maintenance of software.
• Requirements elicitation involves gathering and documenting the needs of stakeholders.
• Software design focuses on creating a blueprint for the software system.
• Software testing ensures the software meets requirements and is free of defects.
• Software maintenance involves modifying software after delivery to correct faults, improve performance.

Data Structures

• Data structures are ways of organizing and storing data in a computer so that it can be used efficiently.
• Arrays are collections of elements of the same data type stored in contiguous memory locations.
• Linked lists are linear collections of data elements, called nodes, each pointing to the next node.
• Stacks are LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) data structures where elements are added and removed from the top.
• Queues are FIFO (First-In, First-Out) data structures where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front.
• Trees are hierarchical data structures consisting of nodes connected by edges.
• Graphs are data structures consisting of nodes (vertices) and edges representing relationships between the nodes.
• Hash tables are data structures that store key-value pairs and provide efficient lookup using a hash function.

Algorithms

• Algorithms are step-by-step procedures for solving a problem or accomplishing a task.
• Sorting algorithms arrange elements in a specific order (e.g., ascending or descending).
• Searching algorithms find a specific element in a data structure.
• Dynamic programming solves problems by breaking them down into smaller overlapping subproblems.
• Divide and conquer involves dividing a problem into smaller subproblems, solving them independently.
• Greedy algorithms make locally optimal choices at each step to find a global optimum.
• Graph algorithms solve problems related to graphs, such as finding shortest paths or minimum spanning trees.

Networking

• Computer networking involves the interconnection of devices to enable communication and resource sharing.
• The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework for understanding network communication.
• Application layer protocols support applications and end-user processes.
• Transport layer protocols provide reliable or unreliable data delivery.
• Network layer protocols handle routing and addressing of data packets.
• Data link layer protocols provide error-free transmission of data between adjacent nodes.
• Physical layer protocols define the physical characteristics of the network.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a suite of protocols used for internet communication.
• IP addresses are unique identifiers assigned to devices on a network.
• Subnet masks define the range of IP addresses within a subnet.
• Routing protocols determine the best path for data to travel between networks.
• Network security involves protecting network infrastructure and data from unauthorized access or attacks.

Programming

• Programming is the process of creating instructions for a computer to perform specific tasks.
• Variables are named storage locations that hold data values.
• Control structures determine the flow of execution in a program (e.g., loops, conditional statements).
• Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks.
• Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on objects, which contain data and methods.
• Encapsulation bundles data and methods together within a class.
• Inheritance allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.
• Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common type.
• Data types define the type of data that a variable can hold (e.g., integer, floating-point, string).
• Debugging is the process of finding and fixing errors in a program.
• Version control systems track changes to code over time and facilitate collaboration among developers.