Computer Science Input Devices

Computer Input

• Augmented reality (AR) integrates digital information with the user's environment in real-time.
• Examples of input devices include:
  • Controllers
  • Point-of-sale devices
  • Biometrics (using human traits for identification, such as fingerprints, facial bone structure, and speech recognition)
  • Barcode scanners
• Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless technology with a short transmission range, used in devices like smartphones, tablets, and home appliances.

Computer Output

• Monitor resolution refers to the number of pixels a screen can display, with higher resolutions indicating better image quality.

Computer Hardware

• The physical parts of a computer system are referred to as hardware.
• The motherboard is the circuit board that holds the computer's main microprocessor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
• Examples of hardware include:
  • Embedded computers (digital devices that accept input, process data, and provide output, such as digital watches)
  • Servers (computer systems that share resources with multiple users, also referred to as host computers)
  • Supercomputers (the most powerful type of computer, used for complex data processing)

Computer Storage

• A bit is the basic unit of digital data storage, representing a single binary digit.
• A byte is a unit of digital information consisting of 8 bits.
• Units of storage include:
  • Kilobyte (KB): approximately 1,000 bytes
  • Megabyte (MB): approximately 1,000 kilobytes
  • Gigabyte (GB): approximately 1 billion bytes
  • Terabyte (TB): approximately 1 trillion bytes
• Cloud storage refers to saving files on remote servers accessed over the internet.
• Solid-state drives (SSDs) are electronic storage devices that use integrated circuits to store data.

Network, Internet, and Cloud

• The Internet refers to the global network of interconnected computers and servers.
• Data is transferred over the Internet in packets, which contain addressing information and data.
• Internet protocols include:
  • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
  • Packet switching (used to transfer data between hosts)
• Internet bandwidth refers to the volume of data that can be transmitted over the Internet in a given amount of time.
• Fiber-optic cable is a high-bandwidth transmission medium that uses light to transmit data.

Online Services

• Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is the process of transferring funds electronically, using computers and various technologies.
• Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the electronic communication of business-oriented transactions and information between organizations.
• E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet.
• Types of e-commerce include:
  • Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
  • Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
  • Business-to-Business (B2B)

Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems and networks from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.
• Types of cyber threats include:
  • Malware (malicious software designed to harm a computer system)
  • Phishing (cybercrime in which scammers trick victims into revealing personal information)
  • Ransomware (type of malware that encrypts files and demands a ransom payment)
• Cybersecurity measures include:
  • Firewalls
  • Encryption
  • Antivirus software

Computer Programming

• Programming is the process of converting a task into commands that a computer can execute.
• The programming development life cycle (PDLC) includes:
  • Problem definition
  • Planning (creating a plan or algorithm)
  • Coding (translating the plan into programming language)
  • Testing and debugging
• Popular programming languages include:
  • Java
  • JavaScript
  • HTML
  • C

Databases

• A database is a collection of related data that can be sorted, organized, and searched.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software that maximizes the benefits of a database.
• Types of databases include:
  • Relational databases (use fields to create links between tables)
  • Data mining (research and analysis technique to discover patterns and trends in large datasets)

Data Analytics

• Descriptive analytics is the process of investigating raw data to uncover trends and correlations.
• Data analytics is the process of using data to answer questions and solve problems.
• Uses of data analytics include:
  • Improved decision-making
  • Improved customer service
  • Improved patient experiences and internal procedures in healthcare

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI is the study and application of processes that combine computer and data science to enable computer-assisted or automated problem-solving.
• Types of AI include:
  • Neural networks (method of deep learning that teaches computers to process data like the human brain)
  • Machine learning (type of AI that enables computers to learn from data)
• AI bias refers to the variance in output provided by AI algorithms, which can result from cognitive bias or incomplete data.

Other Key Concepts

• Intellectual property refers to the legal rights to creative works, such as copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
• Ethics in technology refers to the moral principles and values that guide the use of technology.
• Netiquette refers to the code of polite behavior when using the internet.
• Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.

Computer Input

• Augmented reality (AR) integrates digital information with the user's environment in real-time.
• Examples of input devices include:
  • Controllers
  • Point-of-sale devices
  • Biometrics (using human traits for identification, such as fingerprints, facial bone structure, and speech recognition)
  • Barcode scanners
• Near Field Communication (NFC) is a wireless technology with a short transmission range, used in devices like smartphones, tablets, and home appliances.

Computer Output

• Monitor resolution refers to the number of pixels a screen can display, with higher resolutions indicating better image quality.

Computer Hardware

• The physical parts of a computer system are referred to as hardware.
• The motherboard is the circuit board that holds the computer's main microprocessor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU).
• Examples of hardware include:
  • Embedded computers (digital devices that accept input, process data, and provide output, such as digital watches)
  • Servers (computer systems that share resources with multiple users, also referred to as host computers)
  • Supercomputers (the most powerful type of computer, used for complex data processing)

Computer Storage

• A bit is the basic unit of digital data storage, representing a single binary digit.
• A byte is a unit of digital information consisting of 8 bits.
• Units of storage include:
  • Kilobyte (KB): approximately 1,000 bytes
  • Megabyte (MB): approximately 1,000 kilobytes
  • Gigabyte (GB): approximately 1 billion bytes
  • Terabyte (TB): approximately 1 trillion bytes
• Cloud storage refers to saving files on remote servers accessed over the internet.
• Solid-state drives (SSDs) are electronic storage devices that use integrated circuits to store data.

Network, Internet, and Cloud

• The Internet refers to the global network of interconnected computers and servers.
• Data is transferred over the Internet in packets, which contain addressing information and data.
• Internet protocols include:
  • Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
  • Packet switching (used to transfer data between hosts)
• Internet bandwidth refers to the volume of data that can be transmitted over the Internet in a given amount of time.
• Fiber-optic cable is a high-bandwidth transmission medium that uses light to transmit data.

Online Services

• Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is the process of transferring funds electronically, using computers and various technologies.
• Electronic data interchange (EDI) is the electronic communication of business-oriented transactions and information between organizations.
• E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet.
• Types of e-commerce include:
  • Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
  • Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)
  • Business-to-Business (B2B)

Cybersecurity

• Cybersecurity refers to the protection of computer systems and networks from unauthorized access and malicious attacks.
• Types of cyber threats include:
  • Malware (malicious software designed to harm a computer system)
  • Phishing (cybercrime in which scammers trick victims into revealing personal information)
  • Ransomware (type of malware that encrypts files and demands a ransom payment)
• Cybersecurity measures include:
  • Firewalls
  • Encryption
  • Antivirus software

Computer Programming

• Programming is the process of converting a task into commands that a computer can execute.
• The programming development life cycle (PDLC) includes:
  • Problem definition
  • Planning (creating a plan or algorithm)
  • Coding (translating the plan into programming language)
  • Testing and debugging
• Popular programming languages include:
  • Java
  • JavaScript
  • HTML
  • C

Databases

• A database is a collection of related data that can be sorted, organized, and searched.
• A database management system (DBMS) is a software that maximizes the benefits of a database.
• Types of databases include:
  • Relational databases (use fields to create links between tables)
  • Data mining (research and analysis technique to discover patterns and trends in large datasets)

Data Analytics

• Descriptive analytics is the process of investigating raw data to uncover trends and correlations.
• Data analytics is the process of using data to answer questions and solve problems.
• Uses of data analytics include:
  • Improved decision-making
  • Improved customer service
  • Improved patient experiences and internal procedures in healthcare

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

• AI is the study and application of processes that combine computer and data science to enable computer-assisted or automated problem-solving.
• Types of AI include:
  • Neural networks (method of deep learning that teaches computers to process data like the human brain)
  • Machine learning (type of AI that enables computers to learn from data)
• AI bias refers to the variance in output provided by AI algorithms, which can result from cognitive bias or incomplete data.

Other Key Concepts

• Intellectual property refers to the legal rights to creative works, such as copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
• Ethics in technology refers to the moral principles and values that guide the use of technology.
• Netiquette refers to the code of polite behavior when using the internet.
• Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security.

Cybersecurity

• Malware: malicious software designed to harm a computer system
• Phishing: a cybercrime in which scammers trick victims into revealing personal information
• Ransomware: a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key
• Cyberattack: a deliberate misuse of computers and networks via the Internet that uses malicious code to modify the normal operations of a computer or network
• Cybercrime: a crime in which a computer is the object of the crime or is used to commit a criminal offense

Computer Hardware

• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply): a device that provides emergency power to a computer system in the event of a power outage
• Surge protector: an electrical device that protects electronics from voltage spikes
• Motherboard: the circuit board that holds the computer's main microprocessor
• Processor (CPU): the brain of the computer where most calculations take place
• RAM (Random Access Memory): a type of memory found on the motherboard of a digital device
• Universal Serial Bus (USB): a type of interface that enables communication between digital devices
• Bluetooth: a short-distance wireless communication technology that uses short-wavelength radio waves to transfer data

Internet and Networking

• Cloud storage: a type of computer data storage where data is stored in logical pools, servers are typically owned and managed by a data hosting company
• BitTorrent: a protocol that allows users to share large files over the Internet
• Wi-Fi: uses the 802.11 protocol to ensure that devices enabled with Wi-Fi can connect to any Wi-Fi network
• HOW THE INTERNET WORKS: data is transferred from one network to another network through hardware called routers
• Domain names and IP addresses on the Internet are managed by the Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
• Bandwidth: the volume of data that can be carried on an Internet transmission media in an amount of time
• Broadband: a high-speed Internet connection that is always on

Data Storage and Management

• Bit: the basic unit of digital data storage
• Byte: a unit of digital information that commonly consists of 8 bits
• Kilobyte (KB): a unit of storage that consists of approximately 1,000 bytes
• Megabyte (MB): equal to 1,000 kilobytes
• Gigabyte (GB): a unit of digital information that consists of one billion bytes
• Terabyte: a unit of digital data that consists of approximately one trillion bytes
• Cloud computing: the practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process data

Computer Programming

• Programming: converting a task into commands that a computer can use to perform the task
• PDLC: the process of defining a problem, creating a plan or algorithm, translating the plan into code, and testing and debugging the code
• Classes and objects: categories of inputs and examples of the input items used in each class
• Generation of a programming language: the level of complexity of the programming language, or the degree from which it is separated from machine language itself
• Common programming languages: Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, HTML
• Database Management System (DBMS): a system that maximizes the benefits a database can provide
• Database: a collection of related data that can be sorted, logically organized, searched, and stored

Artificial Intelligence

• AI: the study and application of processes that combine computer and data science to enable computer-assisted or automated problem-solving
• Deep learning: a type of machine learning process that uses neural networks
• Neural networks: a method in artificial intelligence that teaches computers to process data in a way that is inspired by the human brain
• AI bias: the variance that exists in the output provided by AI algorithms
• Cognitive bias: conscious or unconscious errors in cognition that impact an individual's judgments, assumptions, and decision making

Other Topics

• Ergonomics: the study of designing workplaces, tools, and products to minimize physical strain and optimize human well-being
• Ethical issues with social media: concerns about the potential for social media to spread misinformation, privacy violations, and addiction
• Footprint: a record of a person's activity online, which can be used to track their movements and interests
• LinkedIn: a social networking platform for professionals
• Netiquette: the code of polite behavior when using the internet
• Piracy: the illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted software or other digital media
• Virtual Reality (VR): a computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or physical way

Cybersecurity Threats

• Malware is designed to harm a computer system
• Phishing is a cybercrime where scammers trick victims into revealing personal information
• Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts files and demands a ransom payment in exchange for the decryption key
• A virus is a type of malware that self-replicates and spreads from one computer to another

Computer Hardware and Power

• UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) provides emergency power to a computer system in the event of a power outage
• A surge protector is an electrical device that protects electronics from voltage spikes

Intellectual Property and Licensing

• Copyright grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights to its reproduction, distribution, and derivative works
• Creative Commons is a nonprofit organization that enables creators to grant others permission to use their creative work under certain conditions
• A software license is a legal agreement that specifies the terms of use for a software program

Computer Systems and Networking

• IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical devices embedded with software, sensors, and other technologies that allows them to connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the internet
• VPN (Virtual Private Network) technology encrypts internet traffic and routes it through a remote server, making online activity private
• Linux is an open-source operating system widely used on servers, desktops, and mobile devices
• Open-source software is freely available for anyone to use, modify, and distribute

Computer Software and Programming

• A compiler is a computer program that translates code written in a programming language into machine code that can be executed by a computer
• Debugging is the process of identifying and fixing errors in code
• Common programming languages include Java, Python, C++, JavaScript, etc.

Productivity Tools and Technology

• A spreadsheet is a computer program used to organize data in rows and columns
• 3D Printing is a process of creating three-dimensional objects from a digital file
• A 3D Printer is a machine that uses a digital file to create three-dimensional objects
• Tethering is the practice of using a mobile device to provide internet access to a computer

Professional Online Presence and Etiquette

• LinkedIn is a social networking platform for professionals that allows users to connect with colleagues, find jobs, and learn about new industries
• Netiquette is the code of polite behavior when using the internet
• Social Media Business Email Etiquette is the proper way to communicate with others in a professional setting on social media platforms