Computer Science Contributions and Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What significant contribution did Alan Turing make in 1936?

  • Proposed the Turing Machine (correct)
  • Created the first synthetic intelligence
  • Developed the first computer program
  • Proposed the Turing Test

Which programming languages are considered Turing complete?

  • Ruby, PHP, SQL
  • Java, Assembly, COBOL
  • C++, Python, JavaScript (correct)
  • HTML, CSS, JavaScript

What is a property of a decidable problem?

  • It cannot be solved by any means.
  • It has no possible solution.
  • It is only solvable with human intervention.
  • It can be solved by a computer program. (correct)

What was one of Alan Turing's roles during the Second World War?

<p>He worked as a cryptanalyst. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prestigious award is named after Alan Turing?

<p>ACM Turing Award (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did E.F. Codd make in 1981 related to SQL/DS?

<p>Introduced the concept of relational databases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which database system did Michael Stonebraker work on that was influenced by E.F. Codd's work?

<p>Postgres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Michael Stonebraker receive the ACM’s Turing Award?

<p>2015 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the workshop organized by the ACM in 1974?

<p>Comparison between network and relational models. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Larry Ellison's significant project that contributed to the rise of Oracle?

<p>Creation of a database for the CIA. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between records and blocks in a file system?

<p>Several records can fit in a single block. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary actions performed in a file processing system?

<p>Create, retrieve, update, delete (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following problems is commonly associated with file processing systems?

<p>Data redundancy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes data organization in a hierarchical model?

<p>Data is organized in a tree-like structure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common limitation of file processing systems in a business context?

<p>No concurrent access (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component typically contains one value in a hierarchical model?

<p>A field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who initiated the development of the hierarchical model in file management?

<p>IBM and North American Rockwell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a record in a file processing system?

<p>A collection of fields, possibly of different data types. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company acquired MySQL in 2008?

<p>Sun Microsystems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year did Informix's CEO land in jail, impacting its relational DB division?

<p>1997 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of big data refers to the correctness and accuracy of the information?

<p>Veracity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which database management system was sold to Microsoft in 1993?

<p>Sybase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technology is used for distributed storage in big data applications?

<p>Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was Oracle almost bankrupt?

<p>1990 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of big data refers to the variety of data types and sources?

<p>Variety (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What year was SQL Server released by Microsoft?

<p>2005 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component is essential for managing the hardware components of a computer?

<p>Operating System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system structure enables users to interact with application programs in Unix/Linux?

<p>Shell (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a page in computer architecture?

<p>A block-sized area of main memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of disk storage management?

<p>Main Memory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of data management, which model is not recognized among the typical data models?

<p>Object Document Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which file system call is used to change the current file position?

<p>lseek() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which database model organizes data in a nested structure?

<p>Nested Relation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the disk access unit in disk storage?

<p>Represent the physical location of data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of computer architecture is not involved in data retrieval and modification from disk?

<p>Kernel Mode (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of 'fstat()' in file system calls?

<p>Get status of a file (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which company was originally founded as Relational Database Systems (RDS)?

<p>Informix (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the first version of Oracle completed but not released?

<p>1978 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant product did Informix release in 1996?

<p>Informix Universal Server (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the company Sybase?

<p>Mark Hoffman (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable architectural first achieved by Sybase?

<p>First high-performance RDBMS for online applications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year did IBM acquire Informix's database technology?

<p>2001 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Oracle's name changed to in 1979?

<p>Relational Software, Inc. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context did Informix focus on object-relational databases?

<p>After purchasing Illustra (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Turing Machine

A mathematical model capable of simulating any computer algorithm.

Turing Complete

A programming language that can be used to solve any problem that can be solved by a computer.

Undecidable Problem

A problem that cannot be solved by any computer program.

Turing Test

A test used to determine if a computer can exhibit intelligent behavior, indistinguishable from a human.

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ACM Turing Award

The highest annual award in computer science, recognizing outstanding achievements in the field.

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What is a file system?

A file system is a method for storing and organizing files on a computer. It provides system calls to access and manipulate data within these files. It's like the organizational structure on your computer's hard drive, allowing you to find and use files easily.

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What is a file?

A file is a collection of records stored on a hard drive. It's like a container holding different pieces of information, organized as a single entity.

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What is a record?

A record is a collection of fields, each containing a specific piece of data. Think of it as a single line in a table, with each part representing a different attribute.

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What is data redundancy?

Data redundancy occurs when the same information is stored in multiple places needlessly. It's like having the same receipt in every pocket!

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How does data redundancy affect data access?

Data redundancy results in difficulty accessing data. Imagine trying to find information stored in multiple places. It's like looking for a book in a library that has multiple unorganized copies.

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What is a challenge with file systems and data sharing?

In a file processing system, data cannot be shared easily. It's like having separate file cabinets for every department and not being able to share documents between them.

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What is a challenge with file systems and concurrent access?

File processing systems often lack concurrent access, meaning multiple users cannot access and modify data simultaneously. Like having one pencil for a group of students - only one person can write at a time.

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What is a challenge with file systems and security?

File systems can have security issues as it can be difficult to control who has access to data. It's like having a file cabinet without a lock! Anyone can access the information.

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Relational Model

A data model that organizes data in a structured table format with rows and columns, allowing efficient data retrieval and management.

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Codd's Relational Model

Developed by Edgar F. Codd, this model revolutionized database design with its consistent and logical framework for storing and managing data.

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System R

A database management system (DBMS) developed by IBM, it was a pioneering example of a system based on Codd's relational model, demonstrating its practical viability.

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Oracle

A widely-used relational database management system (RDBMS) known for its performance and scalability, developed by Larry Ellison in the 1970s.

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Ingres

Developed by researchers at Berkeley, this open-source relational database system was another early example demonstrating the practicality of Codd's model.

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Relational Database Model

A model for storing and organizing data in tables with rows and columns. It is the foundation for many popular database systems.

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MySQL

The most popular open-source database. It powers many websites and web applications.

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Big Data

The massive amount of data that is generated and collected by businesses and organizations.

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Five V's of Big Data

Characterized by its volume, velocity, variety, veracity, and value. These characteristics make big data challenging to manage and analyze.

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Velocity (Big Data)

A term that describes the speed at which big data is generated and processed.

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Traditional Databases and Big Data

Traditional database management systems are often unable to handle the scale and complexity of big data applications.

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Parallel Processing

The use of multiple computers working together to process large amounts of data. Commonly used in big data applications.

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What are the components of a computer system and how are they managed?

A computer system consists of various components, like Central Processing Unit (CPU), main memory (RAM), secondary storage (hard drive), and input/output devices. The software responsible for managing these components is called the Operating System.

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Describe the structure of the Unix/Linux Operating System.

The Unix/Linux Operating System is structured in layers. At the top are the User Applications that users directly interact with. Beneath them is the User Interface (like a command line or graphical interface) which provides a way to communicate with the Operating System. The core of the OS is the Kernel, which manages the underlying hardware.

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How is data stored and retrieved in main memory?

Main memory (RAM) is a temporary storage space that holds data and instructions currently being used by the CPU. It is organized into a sequence of numbered locations, starting from 0 and going up to Max-1. Each location can store a specific piece of data.

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What is disk storage and how is it organized?

Disk storage is a type of secondary memory, used to store data persistently, even when the computer is turned off. It's organized into blocks (sectors) where data is stored. Each block has a unique address, allowing the computer to access specific data.

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Explain the concept of a disk sector or block.

A disk block (sector) is a unit of storage on a disk, consisting of multiple sectors within a cylinder on a specific surface. It has a unique address that allows the computer to locate and access specific data.

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How is disk storage organized and accessed?

Disk storage is organized into a sequence of blocks numbered from 0 to Max-1. To access data on the disk, the computer needs the Disk address in its memory location (ML).

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What is a page in computer architecture and how does it relate to block modification?

A page is a block-sized area of main memory. To modify data on disk, it's read into a page in memory, changed in memory, and then written back to the original block on disk.

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What are some common data management systems?

Data Management systems are used to organize and manage data. There are several models, including file processing systems, hierarchical (IMS), network (IDMS), relational, nested relational, object-oriented (OO), object relational, XML, and NoSQL.

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Describe the evolution of data management systems.

Data management systems have evolved over time. File Processing systems were the earliest, followed by hierarchical and network models. Relational databases became popular in the 1980s, followed by nested relational, object-oriented, object-relational, XML, and NoSQL databases in more recent years.

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Who is Charles Bachman and what is his significance in the field of database systems?

The Turing Award is a prestigious prize recognizing significant contributions to computer science. Some prominent researchers in database systems who have received the award include Charles Bachman for his work on the hierarchical data model.

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What is Oracle?

Founded in 1979, Oracle initially released its first version of their relational database system in 1979. The system evolved until it became one of the most prominent and widely used database management systems in the world. The company Oracle was established as a result.

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What is Informix?

The Informix database system was first introduced in 1981 as a relational database. It is known for pioneering object-relational technology, expanding its reach beyond traditional relational databases to encompass more complex data models.

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What is Sybase?

Sybase was a pivotal relational database management system (RDBMS) founded in 1984. Notably, it introduced the client-server architecture, making data access more flexible and scalable. Their pioneering work paved the way for modern relational database systems.

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What is a database client-server architecture?

A client-server architecture refers to a system configuration where a database server manages and stores data, while clients access and process the data. This allows for greater flexibility compared to a centralized model, enabling users to connect to the server and access data from various locations.

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What are object-relational databases (ORDBs)?

Object-relational databases (ORDBs) extend traditional relational databases by allowing data to be modeled using object-oriented concepts. They offer more flexibility and support for complex data types, such as images and geographic locations.

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What is meant by the "Big Three" in database systems?

The term "Big Three" in databases refers to three leading companies: Oracle, Sybase, and Informix. These companies dominated the database market for several years. Their pioneering work and innovations have had a profound impact on database technologies today.

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Who founded Informix?

Roger Sippl and Laura King founded a company called Relational Database Systems (RDS) in 1980. This company later released the Informix database system, a notable entry in the relational database market.

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Who founded Sybase?

Mark Hoffman, Robert Epstein, Jane Doughty, and Tom Haggin came together in 1984 to establish Sybase, a prominent player in the relational database management system (RDBMS) domain.

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Study Notes

Alan Turing

  • Considered the "Father of Computer"
  • Proposed the Turing Machine in 1936 during his PhD studies.
  • Also considered the "Father of Artificial Intelligence"
  • Proposed the Turing Test in 1950.
  • A cryptanalyst who cracked the German military codes, contributing to shortening World War II.
  • A marathoner, with a time only 11 minutes slower than the 1948 Olympic gold medalist.
  • Prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts.
  • Received the ACM Turing Award.
  • The award now comes with a $1 million prize from Google.

Turing Machine

  • A simple mathematical model that can express any computer algorithm.

Turing Completeness

  • A programming language that is Turing complete can handle any task accomplished using a computer.
  • Examples: C++, Python, JavaScript, etc.
  • A problem unsolvable by a computer program is said to be undecidable.

Decidability

  • Refers to problems that cannot be solved by any computer program.

Computers

  • A computer consists of:
    • One or more CPUs
    • Main memory
    • Secondary memory
    • Various input/output devices.
  • Managing these components necessitates an operating system.

Unix/Linux System Structure

  • Users interact with application programs through a user interface (shell) mediated by the operating system.
  • The OS manages the file system and interacts with the CPU, memory, and disk I/O.
  • File system calls like open(), close(), read(), write(), Iseek(), stat(), and fstat() are used for accessing files.

Memory

  • Memory stores data organized from 0 to Max-1.

Disk Storage

  • Data is stored on multiple physical surfaces (7 in example), each with read/write heads.

Disk Structure

  • Data on disk organized into tracks and sectors.
  • Addresses are formatted as <Surface#, Track#, Section#>.

Disk Storage

  • Disk addresses are in the format <surface#, track#, sector#>.
  • The disk access unit is called a block.
  • A sector is a subdivision of a track on disk.
  • A sequence of blocks exists from 0 to Max-1.
  • Disk addresses in ML (Machine language) follow the same format.

Computer Architecture

  • A page is a block of main memory.
  • Blocks are read into the page, modified, and written back to the disk.

Data Management

  • File Processing system
  • Hierarchical Model (IMS)
  • Network Model (IDMS)
  • Relational Model
  • Nested Relation
  • Object-Oriented (OO) Data Model
  • Object Relational Data Model
  • XML
  • NoSQL

Database System Reviews

  • Different database models, from file processing to hierarchical, network, relational, and NoSQL are shown in the graph
  • Dates when the models were introduced
  • The evolution of technologies

Turing Award for DB People

File Systems

  • Operating systems manage disk blocks to simplify access and provide services (file system calls) to users and applications.
  • A file is a sequence of not necessarily contiguous blocks.
  • It contains a file name and contents.
  • File system calls include create, remove, open, close, read, write, and Iseek.

Contiguous File Allocation

  • Blocks are allocated sequentially on the disk.
  • External fragmentation can make finding contiguous blocks hard.
  • Compaction is needed to address fragmentation.

File Organizations

  • Different approaches to file organization (allocation table, index block) are shown in diagrams.

Unix/Linux Inode and File Structure

  • The inode contains metadata about a file (permissions, ownership, timestamps, size).
  • Pointers link the inode to the data blocks on disk.

System Calls for File Systems

  • A table of system calls, with descriptions, is presented.

Basic Concepts

  • A record is a collection of related data (e.g., Name, Age, Address).
  • Fixed-length records have the same length.
  • Variable-length records have different lengths.

Storing Records in Blocks

  • Records are often larger than blocks, so they span multiple blocks.
  • Spare space is wasted when records are smaller than blocks.

Elements of File Management

  • Directory management, File structure, Access method, Records, Physical blocks, Disk scheduling, Blocking, I/O, File allocation, Free storage management
  • Concerns for users and operators

File Processing Systems (FPS)

  • A file system is a method for organizing files and provides system calls.
  • A file is a collection of records.
  • A record consists of fields, possibly of different data types, and typically in a fixed order.
  • Programing languages support storage and retrieval of records.
  • CRUD (create, read, update, delete) functions for record management.

Problems with FPS

  • Data redundancy
  • Difficulty in accessing data
  • No data sharing
  • No concurrent access
  • Security problems
  • Difficulty to modify the systems.

Sample Database

  • A sample database with entities (Faculty, Course, Student) and relationships (Teach, Take) is presented.

Hierarchical Model

  • A database model implemented jointly by IBM and North American Rockwell in 1965.
  • Formed the IMS family of systems for early IBM mainframes.
  • Dominant in the 1970s.

Hierarchical Model(Diagram)

  • Diagram depicting records and pointers structured in a tree-like format

Hierarchical Model

  • Data organized into a tree-like structure with records connected by links.
  • Records are made of fields, each containing only one value.
  • Records connected by links with a single parent and multiple children.
  • Structure is simple but inflexible, confined to one-to-many relationships.

Hierarchical Model (Advantages)

  • Simple to construct and operate
  • Corresponds to natural hierarchical organization chart
  • Simple and straightforward language

Hierarchical Model (Disadvantages)

  • Navigational and procedural processing style
  • Fields not identified individually; whole record treated as bytes.
  • Cannot naturally implement Many-To-Many relationships
  • Poor data independence

Network Model

  • A database model that introduces a more complex organization (graph-like).
  • Developed by Charles Bachman.
  • Introduced the Integrated Data Store (IDS) in 1962 that sought to automate General Electric business processes.
  • The basis of the network model was introduced in 1964.
  • Received the ACM Turing Award in 1973.

###Network Model (Diagram)

Network Model (Advantages)

  • Ability to represent complex relationships.
  • Represents add/delete semantics on relationships.
  • Uses navigational languages (FIND, FIND member, FIND owner, FIND NEXT within set, GET...).

Network Model (Disadvantages)

  • Complex array of pointers for record access.
  • Linear record access.
  • Limited automated query optimization.

Network Model (Displaced)

  • Largely displaced by the relational model.

Relational Model

  • Created by Edgar F. Codd in 1969.
  • An internal IBM paper introduced it.
  • Published a year later.
  • Key aspect: Data organized into tables instead of hierarchical or network structures.

Relational Model (Background)

  • Codd's background included mathematics and chemistry study.
  • Worked for IBM as a programmer in the late 1940s, later moving to Canada.
  • Received his doctorate in computer science and returning to IBM's Research Lab in the 1960s.

Relational Model (Paper)

  • Wrote an internal IBM paper about the relational model in 1969.
  • Its publication in 1970 formally marked the start of the Relational model.

Relational Model (Key Idea)

  • Data organized in tables (or relations) with rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).

Relational Model (Relational Database Systems)

  • IBM refused to implement the relational model initially
  • Codd demonstrated the value of the model to IBM customers
  • Relational Model's adoption was gradual.
  • IBM eventually initiated the System R project for the implementation of the relational model but it was undertaken and managed by researchers not familiar with Codd's ideas.

Relational Model (Commercial Implementation)

  • IBM products (SQL/DS)

  • Commercial products (DB2).

  • Developers used non-algebraic language SQL, which became the standard relational language.

Relational Model (Turing Award)

  • Won the ACM Turing Award.

Michael Stonebraker

  • MSC and Phd in computer science from University of Michigan.
  • Became assistant professor at UC Berkeley.
  • Developed the relational database system Ingres (1974).
  • The Ingres system was a turning point in the relational database field.

Oracle

  • Co-founded by Larry Ellison in 1977 based on relational database systems.
  • Its early products included versions 1, 2, and later Oracle Systems Corporation and Oracle Corporation.

Informix

  • Founded as Relational database systems in 1980.
  • Became influential in object-relational databases in the 1990s.

Sybase

  • Founded in 1984.
  • Important early client/server database architecture.
  • Later integration with Microsoft.

Microsoft SQL Server

  • Acquired Sybase's SQL Server code in the 1990s, 4.21 to 2005 to further develop the product.

Transaction Processing (Jim Gray)

  • Educational background: Chemistry, math, and engineering.
  • worked on the Multics project with other notable figures.
  • Later worked with IBM's Various database systems
  • Developed and implemented transaction processing methods.
  • Received the ACM Turing Award.

Relational Database Wars

  • The competition between IBM, Oracle, Sybase, Informix and Microsoft to establish relational database dominance.
  • IBM's mainframe dominance, Oracle's mini/microcomputer focus.
  • The evolution of SQL Server.

MySQL

  • A popular open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) released in 1995.
  • Acquired by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle).
  • Widely used in web applications.

Relational DB History

  • A table showcasing the release years and companies for Oracle, Informix, DB2, Sybase and SQL Server.

Database Engine Ranking

  • Listing of Database Management Systems (DBMS), their respective model, and rank over time.

Big Data Challenges

  • Key characteristics of big data (5Vs): Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, Value.
  • Technological advances in processors, memory, and storage.
  • Need for parallel processing and distributed storage (Hadoop).
  • Big Data Ecosystems, and technologies used for big data warehousing.

HDFS Architecture

  • A diagram of the Hadoop Distributed File System architecture, highlighting the NameNode, DataNodes, and metadata.

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Explore the significant contributions of pioneers like Alan Turing and E.F. Codd in computer science through this quiz. Test your knowledge on Turing completeness, SQL systems, file processing, and how these concepts shape modern computing. Ideal for students and enthusiasts in computer science.

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