Podcast
Questions and Answers
What significant contribution did Alan Turing make in 1936?
What significant contribution did Alan Turing make in 1936?
Which programming languages are considered Turing complete?
Which programming languages are considered Turing complete?
What is a property of a decidable problem?
What is a property of a decidable problem?
What was one of Alan Turing's roles during the Second World War?
What was one of Alan Turing's roles during the Second World War?
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What prestigious award is named after Alan Turing?
What prestigious award is named after Alan Turing?
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What significant contribution did E.F. Codd make in 1981 related to SQL/DS?
What significant contribution did E.F. Codd make in 1981 related to SQL/DS?
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Which database system did Michael Stonebraker work on that was influenced by E.F. Codd's work?
Which database system did Michael Stonebraker work on that was influenced by E.F. Codd's work?
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In what year did Michael Stonebraker receive the ACM’s Turing Award?
In what year did Michael Stonebraker receive the ACM’s Turing Award?
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What was the primary focus of the workshop organized by the ACM in 1974?
What was the primary focus of the workshop organized by the ACM in 1974?
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What was Larry Ellison's significant project that contributed to the rise of Oracle?
What was Larry Ellison's significant project that contributed to the rise of Oracle?
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What is the relationship between records and blocks in a file system?
What is the relationship between records and blocks in a file system?
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What are the primary actions performed in a file processing system?
What are the primary actions performed in a file processing system?
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Which of the following problems is commonly associated with file processing systems?
Which of the following problems is commonly associated with file processing systems?
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What characterizes data organization in a hierarchical model?
What characterizes data organization in a hierarchical model?
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What is a common limitation of file processing systems in a business context?
What is a common limitation of file processing systems in a business context?
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Which component typically contains one value in a hierarchical model?
Which component typically contains one value in a hierarchical model?
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Who initiated the development of the hierarchical model in file management?
Who initiated the development of the hierarchical model in file management?
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Which of the following best describes a record in a file processing system?
Which of the following best describes a record in a file processing system?
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Which company acquired MySQL in 2008?
Which company acquired MySQL in 2008?
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What year did Informix's CEO land in jail, impacting its relational DB division?
What year did Informix's CEO land in jail, impacting its relational DB division?
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Which characteristic of big data refers to the correctness and accuracy of the information?
Which characteristic of big data refers to the correctness and accuracy of the information?
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Which database management system was sold to Microsoft in 1993?
Which database management system was sold to Microsoft in 1993?
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What technology is used for distributed storage in big data applications?
What technology is used for distributed storage in big data applications?
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In which year was Oracle almost bankrupt?
In which year was Oracle almost bankrupt?
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Which characteristic of big data refers to the variety of data types and sources?
Which characteristic of big data refers to the variety of data types and sources?
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What year was SQL Server released by Microsoft?
What year was SQL Server released by Microsoft?
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What component is essential for managing the hardware components of a computer?
What component is essential for managing the hardware components of a computer?
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Which system structure enables users to interact with application programs in Unix/Linux?
Which system structure enables users to interact with application programs in Unix/Linux?
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What defines a page in computer architecture?
What defines a page in computer architecture?
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Which of the following is not a part of disk storage management?
Which of the following is not a part of disk storage management?
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In the context of data management, which model is not recognized among the typical data models?
In the context of data management, which model is not recognized among the typical data models?
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Which file system call is used to change the current file position?
Which file system call is used to change the current file position?
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Which database model organizes data in a nested structure?
Which database model organizes data in a nested structure?
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What is the primary function of the disk access unit in disk storage?
What is the primary function of the disk access unit in disk storage?
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Which component of computer architecture is not involved in data retrieval and modification from disk?
Which component of computer architecture is not involved in data retrieval and modification from disk?
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What is the role of 'fstat()' in file system calls?
What is the role of 'fstat()' in file system calls?
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Which company was originally founded as Relational Database Systems (RDS)?
Which company was originally founded as Relational Database Systems (RDS)?
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In what year was the first version of Oracle completed but not released?
In what year was the first version of Oracle completed but not released?
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What significant product did Informix release in 1996?
What significant product did Informix release in 1996?
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Who founded the company Sybase?
Who founded the company Sybase?
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What was a notable architectural first achieved by Sybase?
What was a notable architectural first achieved by Sybase?
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Which year did IBM acquire Informix's database technology?
Which year did IBM acquire Informix's database technology?
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What was Oracle's name changed to in 1979?
What was Oracle's name changed to in 1979?
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In what context did Informix focus on object-relational databases?
In what context did Informix focus on object-relational databases?
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Study Notes
Alan Turing
- Considered the "Father of Computer"
- Proposed the Turing Machine in 1936 during his PhD studies.
- Also considered the "Father of Artificial Intelligence"
- Proposed the Turing Test in 1950.
- A cryptanalyst who cracked the German military codes, contributing to shortening World War II.
- A marathoner, with a time only 11 minutes slower than the 1948 Olympic gold medalist.
- Prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts.
- Received the ACM Turing Award.
- The award now comes with a $1 million prize from Google.
Turing Machine
- A simple mathematical model that can express any computer algorithm.
Turing Completeness
- A programming language that is Turing complete can handle any task accomplished using a computer.
- Examples: C++, Python, JavaScript, etc.
- A problem unsolvable by a computer program is said to be undecidable.
Decidability
- Refers to problems that cannot be solved by any computer program.
Computers
- A computer consists of:
- One or more CPUs
- Main memory
- Secondary memory
- Various input/output devices.
- Managing these components necessitates an operating system.
Unix/Linux System Structure
- Users interact with application programs through a user interface (shell) mediated by the operating system.
- The OS manages the file system and interacts with the CPU, memory, and disk I/O.
- File system calls like open(), close(), read(), write(), Iseek(), stat(), and fstat() are used for accessing files.
Memory
- Memory stores data organized from 0 to Max-1.
Disk Storage
- Data is stored on multiple physical surfaces (7 in example), each with read/write heads.
Disk Structure
- Data on disk organized into tracks and sectors.
- Addresses are formatted as <Surface#, Track#, Section#>.
Disk Storage
- Disk addresses are in the format <surface#, track#, sector#>.
- The disk access unit is called a block.
- A sector is a subdivision of a track on disk.
- A sequence of blocks exists from 0 to Max-1.
- Disk addresses in ML (Machine language) follow the same format.
Computer Architecture
- A page is a block of main memory.
- Blocks are read into the page, modified, and written back to the disk.
Data Management
- File Processing system
- Hierarchical Model (IMS)
- Network Model (IDMS)
- Relational Model
- Nested Relation
- Object-Oriented (OO) Data Model
- Object Relational Data Model
- XML
- NoSQL
Database System Reviews
- Different database models, from file processing to hierarchical, network, relational, and NoSQL are shown in the graph
- Dates when the models were introduced
- The evolution of technologies
Turing Award for DB People
File Systems
- Operating systems manage disk blocks to simplify access and provide services (file system calls) to users and applications.
- A file is a sequence of not necessarily contiguous blocks.
- It contains a file name and contents.
- File system calls include create, remove, open, close, read, write, and Iseek.
Contiguous File Allocation
- Blocks are allocated sequentially on the disk.
- External fragmentation can make finding contiguous blocks hard.
- Compaction is needed to address fragmentation.
File Organizations
- Different approaches to file organization (allocation table, index block) are shown in diagrams.
Unix/Linux Inode and File Structure
- The inode contains metadata about a file (permissions, ownership, timestamps, size).
- Pointers link the inode to the data blocks on disk.
System Calls for File Systems
- A table of system calls, with descriptions, is presented.
Basic Concepts
- A record is a collection of related data (e.g., Name, Age, Address).
- Fixed-length records have the same length.
- Variable-length records have different lengths.
Storing Records in Blocks
- Records are often larger than blocks, so they span multiple blocks.
- Spare space is wasted when records are smaller than blocks.
Elements of File Management
- Directory management, File structure, Access method, Records, Physical blocks, Disk scheduling, Blocking, I/O, File allocation, Free storage management
- Concerns for users and operators
File Processing Systems (FPS)
- A file system is a method for organizing files and provides system calls.
- A file is a collection of records.
- A record consists of fields, possibly of different data types, and typically in a fixed order.
- Programing languages support storage and retrieval of records.
- CRUD (create, read, update, delete) functions for record management.
Problems with FPS
- Data redundancy
- Difficulty in accessing data
- No data sharing
- No concurrent access
- Security problems
- Difficulty to modify the systems.
Sample Database
- A sample database with entities (Faculty, Course, Student) and relationships (Teach, Take) is presented.
Hierarchical Model
- A database model implemented jointly by IBM and North American Rockwell in 1965.
- Formed the IMS family of systems for early IBM mainframes.
- Dominant in the 1970s.
Hierarchical Model(Diagram)
- Diagram depicting records and pointers structured in a tree-like format
Hierarchical Model
- Data organized into a tree-like structure with records connected by links.
- Records are made of fields, each containing only one value.
- Records connected by links with a single parent and multiple children.
- Structure is simple but inflexible, confined to one-to-many relationships.
Hierarchical Model (Advantages)
- Simple to construct and operate
- Corresponds to natural hierarchical organization chart
- Simple and straightforward language
Hierarchical Model (Disadvantages)
- Navigational and procedural processing style
- Fields not identified individually; whole record treated as bytes.
- Cannot naturally implement Many-To-Many relationships
- Poor data independence
Network Model
- A database model that introduces a more complex organization (graph-like).
- Developed by Charles Bachman.
- Introduced the Integrated Data Store (IDS) in 1962 that sought to automate General Electric business processes.
- The basis of the network model was introduced in 1964.
- Received the ACM Turing Award in 1973.
###Network Model (Diagram)
Network Model (Advantages)
- Ability to represent complex relationships.
- Represents add/delete semantics on relationships.
- Uses navigational languages (FIND, FIND member, FIND owner, FIND NEXT within set, GET...).
Network Model (Disadvantages)
- Complex array of pointers for record access.
- Linear record access.
- Limited automated query optimization.
Network Model (Displaced)
- Largely displaced by the relational model.
Relational Model
- Created by Edgar F. Codd in 1969.
- An internal IBM paper introduced it.
- Published a year later.
- Key aspect: Data organized into tables instead of hierarchical or network structures.
Relational Model (Background)
- Codd's background included mathematics and chemistry study.
- Worked for IBM as a programmer in the late 1940s, later moving to Canada.
- Received his doctorate in computer science and returning to IBM's Research Lab in the 1960s.
Relational Model (Paper)
- Wrote an internal IBM paper about the relational model in 1969.
- Its publication in 1970 formally marked the start of the Relational model.
Relational Model (Key Idea)
- Data organized in tables (or relations) with rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).
Relational Model (Relational Database Systems)
- IBM refused to implement the relational model initially
- Codd demonstrated the value of the model to IBM customers
- Relational Model's adoption was gradual.
- IBM eventually initiated the System R project for the implementation of the relational model but it was undertaken and managed by researchers not familiar with Codd's ideas.
Relational Model (Commercial Implementation)
-
IBM products (SQL/DS)
-
Commercial products (DB2).
-
Developers used non-algebraic language SQL, which became the standard relational language.
Relational Model (Turing Award)
- Won the ACM Turing Award.
Michael Stonebraker
- MSC and Phd in computer science from University of Michigan.
- Became assistant professor at UC Berkeley.
- Developed the relational database system Ingres (1974).
- The Ingres system was a turning point in the relational database field.
Oracle
- Co-founded by Larry Ellison in 1977 based on relational database systems.
- Its early products included versions 1, 2, and later Oracle Systems Corporation and Oracle Corporation.
Informix
- Founded as Relational database systems in 1980.
- Became influential in object-relational databases in the 1990s.
Sybase
- Founded in 1984.
- Important early client/server database architecture.
- Later integration with Microsoft.
Microsoft SQL Server
- Acquired Sybase's SQL Server code in the 1990s, 4.21 to 2005 to further develop the product.
Transaction Processing (Jim Gray)
- Educational background: Chemistry, math, and engineering.
- worked on the Multics project with other notable figures.
- Later worked with IBM's Various database systems
- Developed and implemented transaction processing methods.
- Received the ACM Turing Award.
Relational Database Wars
- The competition between IBM, Oracle, Sybase, Informix and Microsoft to establish relational database dominance.
- IBM's mainframe dominance, Oracle's mini/microcomputer focus.
- The evolution of SQL Server.
MySQL
- A popular open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) released in 1995.
- Acquired by Sun Microsystems (now Oracle).
- Widely used in web applications.
Relational DB History
- A table showcasing the release years and companies for Oracle, Informix, DB2, Sybase and SQL Server.
Database Engine Ranking
- Listing of Database Management Systems (DBMS), their respective model, and rank over time.
Big Data Challenges
- Key characteristics of big data (5Vs): Volume, Velocity, Variety, Veracity, Value.
- Technological advances in processors, memory, and storage.
- Need for parallel processing and distributed storage (Hadoop).
- Big Data Ecosystems, and technologies used for big data warehousing.
HDFS Architecture
- A diagram of the Hadoop Distributed File System architecture, highlighting the NameNode, DataNodes, and metadata.
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Description
Explore the significant contributions of pioneers like Alan Turing and E.F. Codd in computer science through this quiz. Test your knowledge on Turing completeness, SQL systems, file processing, and how these concepts shape modern computing. Ideal for students and enthusiasts in computer science.
