Computer Science Chapter 5

A binary digit, either 0 or 1, used to represent information in a computer.

A sequence of bits used to represent data like numbers, text, images, and sounds.

An operation that manipulates true/false values (often 0/1).

A logical gate that outputs 1 only if BOTH inputs are 1.

A logical gate that outputs 1 if EITHER or BOTH inputs are 1.

A logical gate that outputs 1 if the inputs are DIFFERENT.

A logical gate that inverts the input (0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0).

An electronic circuit implementing a Boolean operation.

A circuit that can store one bit of information.

The computer memory used to store data and instructions currently being used by the processor.

A digital circuit that stores one bit of information.

An input line that sets a flip-flop's stored value to 1.

An input line that sets a flip-flop's stored value to 0.

A shorthand way to represent long bit patterns using symbols.

A single unit of storage in main memory, typically 8 bits (a byte).

The left-most bit in a memory cell (high-order).

The right-most bit in a memory cell (low-order).

A unique number that identifies a specific memory cell.

Random Access Memory: Memory where you can access any cell directly.

Dynamic Random Access Memory (volatile).

A unit of memory equal to 1024 bytes.

A unit of memory equal to 1,048,576 bytes.

A unit of memory equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes.

The number of differing bits between two binary strings.

Storage that holds more data than main memory, slower but typically less expensive and more permanent.

A mass storage device that stores data on a spinning disk, using read/write heads.

A segment on a magnetic disk, where data is stored.

The time it takes to retrieve data from a storage device.

Concentric rings on a magnetic disk.

The mechanism that reads and writes data to a magnetic disk.

The time it takes to move the read/write head to the correct track on a magnetic disk.

The time it takes for the desired sector on the disk to rotate to the read/write head.

The time to read or write an entire sector's worth of data.

How fast a magnetic disk rotates, often measured in revolutions per minute (RPM).

The process of moving the read/write head to a specific track on a magnetic disk.

The average time it takes to move the disk arm to a randomly selected track, usually expressed in milliseconds.

The maximum time needed to move the disk arm to a specific track from the furthest.

The number of data sectors that can be stored on a single track of a magnetic disk.

A character encoding standard that uses 7-bit patterns to represent most symbols in written English text

An organization that developed 8-bit extensions to ASCII to accommodate various languages.

A character encoding standard that uses 16-bit patterns to represent symbols in many languages worldwide (various UTF formats).

A sequence of 0s and 1s that represents a character, number, image, or sound in a computer.

A number system based on powers of two (using 0s and 1s).

An error that occurs when a number is too large to be stored in the allocated bits.

An error that occurs when a fractional or decimal number is represented by a limited number of bits.

A single point of color in an image.

A color model that uses Red, Green and Blue values to create colors.

A method for representing images using mathematical formulas rather than individual points.

A method for storing sound by capturing the amplitude of the sound wave at regular intervals.

A standard for representing musical notes digitally.

A method for representing positive and negative integers using binary code.

A method for representing signed integers using binary code by shifting the representation.

A standard format for representing floating-point numbers in computers using 32 bits.

A way of representing numbers with fractional parts in computers.

A 32-bit floating-point representation.

A 64-bit floating-point representation.

Indicates the sign (positive or negative) of the number.

Specifies the power of 2 to multiply the significand.

The part of the number that represents the fractional value.

The smallest and largest positive and negative numbers that can be represented.

Techniques to reduce the amount of data needed to store or transmit information.

Data compression that reduces file size by discarding some data.

Data compression that reduces file size without losing any data.

Compression technique that encodes repeated data as a count and value.

A type of frequency-dependent encoding used in data compression.

Techniques for compressing digital images while preserving the essential visual information.

Issues that may arise during data transmission, leading to incorrect reception.

Extra bits used to detect errors during data transmission (e.g. odd or even).

Measure of the difference between two bit patterns.