Computer Programming Basics

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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in the problem-solving process?

  • Compiling, debugging and testing the program
  • Defining the problem (correct)
  • Writing the program
  • Maintaining the program

Which principle allows breaking down a problem into smaller, manageable steps?

  • Brainstorming
  • Divide and conquer (correct)
  • Trial and error
  • Linear thinking

What is an algorithm in the context of problem-solving?

  • An undefined method of problem-solving
  • A well-defined procedure to solve a problem (correct)
  • A programming language
  • A set of random instructions

How does a flowchart assist programmers?

<p>By visualizing the sequence of steps in an algorithm (C)</p>
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What is the final step in the problem-solving sequence?

<p>Documenting the program (D)</p>
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Which of the following steps is NOT part of the sequence for problem-solving?

<p>Compiling the budget (A)</p>
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In what way is information crucial in the problem-solving process?

<p>It helps in making informed decisions. (C)</p>
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What role does debugging play in programming?

<p>It identifies and resolves errors in the code. (D)</p>
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What is one of the primary purposes of proper program documentation?

<p>To assist in modifying or updating existing programs (D)</p>
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During which phase is flowchart and pseudocode produced as essential documentation?

<p>Planning phase (D)</p>
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What should be included as part of the program documentation for testing?

<p>Test data used in the program (A)</p>
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What is a primary advantage of using machine language?

<p>It runs very fast with no translation needed. (A)</p>
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Which statement best describes a disadvantage of machine language?

<p>The programmer must know specific hardware details. (B)</p>
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What is a critical action to take when users identify errors or bugs in a program?

<p>Fix the errors immediately (D)</p>
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What characterizes the process of documentation in a system development?

<p>It is an ongoing process (C)</p>
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What must a programmer do after writing an assembly language program?

<p>Translate it into machine code using an assembler. (B)</p>
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Why might assembly language be preferred over high-level languages?

<p>It provides precise control over hardware and faster execution. (D)</p>
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What is a significant documentation component that aids in understanding each processing step?

<p>Written comments and explanations (A)</p>
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Which aspect of system development is highlighted as most important related to program functionality?

<p>System maintenance (B)</p>
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What is a key characteristic of machine language?

<p>It consists of binary digits and symbols. (D)</p>
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What is one consequence of the difficulty of programming in machine language?

<p>It leads to a higher frequency of program errors. (A)</p>
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What can be a consequence of failing to fix bugs found by users promptly?

<p>Increased risk of larger problems (A)</p>
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Which of the following is true about assembly language?

<p>It requires an assembler to convert to machine code. (A)</p>
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What is the main limitation of machine language with regard to different computer types?

<p>Programs must be rewritten for different hardware architectures. (B)</p>
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What is the primary function of a compiler in programming?

<p>To translate high-level instructions into machine language (D)</p>
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What is an object file primarily composed of?

<p>Executable machine code and relocation data (A)</p>
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Which programming language is recognized as the first to use an interpreter?

<p>LISP (D)</p>
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What significant advantage does an interpreter have over a compiler?

<p>It does not require a compilation stage to execute programs (A)</p>
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Which of the following languages does NOT typically use an interpreter?

<p>C++ (D)</p>
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What purpose does relocation data serve in an object file?

<p>To help the linker adjust the object code during execution (A)</p>
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Which statement best describes conditional logic in programming?

<p>It uses specific keywords to execute code blocks based on conditions (A)</p>
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Which programming concept uses keywords like 'if-then-else' for decision making?

<p>Conditional logic (A)</p>
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What is a class in object-oriented programming?

<p>A blueprint that defines the characteristics and behaviors of an object (B)</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a major component of object-oriented programming?

<p>Method (D)</p>
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What does encapsulation refer to in object-oriented programming?

<p>The separation of the external aspects of an object from its internal details (C)</p>
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Which programming language is considered one of the earliest examples of object-oriented programming?

<p>Simula B (A)</p>
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What is the purpose of abstraction in object-oriented programming?

<p>To view problems with varying degrees of detail depending on context (A)</p>
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In object-oriented programming, an object can best be described as:

<p>A concrete instance of a class with defined characteristics (A)</p>
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Which of the following best describes the term 'information hiding'?

<p>The process of keeping internal data private from external users (A)</p>
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Which of the following programming languages is generally NOT associated with the object-oriented paradigm?

<p>FORTRAN (D)</p>
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Study Notes

Problem-Solving Process

  • Problem-solving involves defining the problem, designing a solution, writing a program, compiling, debugging, testing, documenting, and maintaining the program.
  • The divide and conquer principle helps break down problems into manageable steps, making them easier to solve.

Algorithm Definition

  • An algorithm is a well-defined procedure or set of instructions aimed at solving a problem.
  • The initial step in any algorithm is defining the problem by recognizing the need for pertinent information.

Flowchart Usage

  • Flowcharts visually represent the sequence of steps in an algorithm, using recognizable symbols for clarity.
  • They serve as a graphical tool for programmers to illustrate program operations.

Documentation Importance

  • Documentation encompasses written descriptions and explanations of programs and is crucial for successful data processing applications.
  • Proper documentation aids programmers and system analysts in modifying existing programs and procedures.
  • The process of documentation is ongoing, starting from the initial request for system information.

Maintenance Significance

  • Maintenance involves updates and modifications to programs based on system requirements.
  • Quick resolution of detected issues, such as data not being saved correctly, is essential to prevent larger problems in business operations.

Machine Language

  • Advantages: Runs very fast as no translation is needed for execution by the CPU.
  • Disadvantages: Difficult to program; requires detailed knowledge of hardware. Programs must be rewritten for different computer types and are hard to debug.

Low-Level Language Execution

  • Low-level languages, such as assembly language, provide fine control over hardware operations but can be tricky to debug and maintain.
  • They generally offer faster execution than high-level languages.

Interpreters vs. Compilers

  • An interpreter translates high-level language code into machine code at runtime, offering immediate execution and avoiding lengthy compilation processes.
  • Examples of interpreted languages include LISP, BASIC, Java, and Python.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

  • OOP focuses on creating software as a network of interacting objects, emphasizing modular design.
  • Key Concepts:
    • Objects: Instances of classes with defined boundaries and characteristics.
    • Classes: Blueprints for creating objects, detailing behaviors, and attributes.

OOP Principles

  • Abstraction: Allows viewing problems at varying detail levels based on context.
  • Encapsulation: Hides internal details of objects from external interaction, promoting better organization.
  • Well-known object-oriented programming languages include Java, C++, C#, Ruby, and Python.

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