Computer Programming 1 - Loops, Arrays, and Strings
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Questions and Answers

What does the function strcat(str1, str2) do?

  • It copies str2 into str1.
  • It compares two strings.
  • It checks if str1 and str2 are equal.
  • It combines str1 and str2 into a single string. (correct)

What is the output when strcmp(str1, str2) is called and both strings are equal?

  • 0 (correct)
  • Undefined value
  • -1
  • 1

Which header file is required to use the printf() function?

  • string.h
  • stdlib.h
  • math.h
  • stdio.h (correct)

Which function would you use to read user input from the console?

<p>scanf() (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sqrt() function compute?

<p>The square root of a number. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using fgets in string input?

<p>It reads a string until the buffer is full. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If str1 is 'abc' and str2 is 'abc', what will strcmp(str1, str2) return?

<p>0 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the given code snippet, which of the following is an example of array initialization?

<p>int values[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard library function?

<p>customFunction() (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the behavior of strcat() if str1 is 'Hello' and str2 is 'World'?

<p>'HelloWorld' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will happen if there is a whitespace between two strings while reading?

<p>Only the first string will be read. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the strncat function do?

<p>It concatenates a specified number of characters. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the fgets function?

<p>It can only read integers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of variable is numbers in the code snippet?

<p>Integer (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to initialize an array?

<p>To ensure the elements have default values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the initialization int values[] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; represent?

<p>A declaration of an array with initialized values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of strlwr()?

<p>To convert uppercase characters into lowercase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the return type of a function that does not return a value?

<p>void (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about user-defined functions is true?

<p>They are designed to perform specific tasks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the strupr() function?

<p>To convert lowercase characters into uppercase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of functions, what is meant by 'scope'?

<p>The area of memory where variables are accessible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are parameters passed to functions?

<p>By explicitly stating them when calling the function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of a 'for' loop in C?

<p>When the exact number of iterations is known beforehand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which programming scenario would a 'while' loop be most appropriate?

<p>When user input can determine the iterations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of local variables?

<p>They are only accessible within the function where they are declared (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'do-while' loop in C?

<p>To execute the loop body at least once (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required in a function declaration?

<p>The return type, function name, and parameters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'break' statement achieve in loop control?

<p>It exits a loop prematurely based on a condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output of a 'for' loop if set up to iterate 10 times without any additional code to process?

<p>No output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a loop uses 'continue', what is the intended effect?

<p>To skip the current iteration and proceed to the next (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is user input validation commonly associated with loops?

<p>Loops ensure user inputs can be repeated until valid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In C, what is a common mistake when writing 'for' loops?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the function strncat(str1, str2, n) accomplish?

<p>It concatenates a specific number of characters from str2 to str1. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does strcpy(str1, str2) function primarily operate?

<p>It copies str2 completely into str1. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the function strlen(str) return?

<p>The number of characters in the string excluding the null terminator. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between strlen and sizeof?

<p><code>sizeof</code> includes the null terminator when counting while <code>strlen</code> does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What will strncpy(str1, str2, n) do?

<p>It copies a specific number of characters from str2 to str1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function is used to print size_t values in C?

<p>%zu (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does %zu represent in C?

<p>A format specifier for printing size_t values. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the output of sizeof(str) when str is a character array?

<p>It includes the null terminator in the character count. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 'break' statement in loops?

<p>To stop the loop's execution and transfer control to the statement after the loop. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'continue' statement function within a loop?

<p>It skips the rest of the current iteration and jumps to the next iteration of the loop. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a string in C programming?

<p>A sequence of characters stored in memory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the null terminator ' ull' indicate in a string?

<p>The end of the string. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the size of an integer in memory in C?

<p>4 bytes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when scanf encounters a whitespace character while reading strings?

<p>It stops reading and terminates the string input. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines an array in C?

<p>A fixed-size linear collection of similar type elements stored in contiguous memory. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to declare a string variable in C?

<p>char message[] = &quot;Hello&quot;; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

For Loop

A loop that repeats as long as a condition is true. Its format is: for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { // Code to be executed; }.

While Loop

A loop that repeats as long as a condition is true. Its format is: while (condition) { // Code to be executed; }.

Do-While Loop

A loop that guarantees at least one execution of the loop body before checking the condition. Its format is: do { // Code to be executed; } while (condition);.

Break Statement

A statement used to immediately exit a loop when a specific condition is met. Its format is: break;.

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C Looping

C programming involves using loops for various purposes, including data processing, automation, user input validation, searching, and sorting.

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Loop Control Statements

These are general instructions that influence how a loop iterates. The most common ones include 'increment' and 'decrement' statements, which increase or decrease the loop counter.

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What does strlen() do?

The strlen() function calculates the length of a string, excluding the null terminator (\0).

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How is sizeof() different from strlen()?

The sizeof() function returns the size of a variable or data structure. It includes the null terminator (\0) in its count.

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What does strcpy() do?

The strcpy() function copies the contents of one string to another. It essentially replaces the content of the destination string with the source string.

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What does strncpy() do?

The strncpy() function copies a specified number of characters from one string to another. It can be used to copy a portion of a string.

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What does strcat() do?

The strcat() function concatenates (joins) two strings together. It appends the second string to the end of the first string.

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What does strncat() do?

The strncat() function concatenates a specific number of characters from one string (str2) to the end of another string (str1).

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String

A sequence of characters stored in memory, like words or sentences.

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Null Terminator

A special character that indicates the end of a string in C.

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Array

A data structure that stores a collection of elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations.

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Array Index

The position or location of an element in an array, starting from 0.

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Break

A statement that immediately stops the execution of a loop and transfers control to the first statement after the loop.

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Continue

A statement that skips the current iteration of a loop and moves control to the next iteration; it does not terminate the loop.

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Scanf for String Input

A function used to read strings from standard input in C, stopping when a whitespace character is encountered.

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Size of an Integer

The amount of memory space occupied by a single integer variable.

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Code

A set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a task. Programmers write code in different programming languages.

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Array Declaration

Declaring an array means telling the computer to reserve a specific amount of memory to store the array. It is a process of defining the name and size of the array.

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Array initialization

Initializing an array means assigning values to its elements. Each element in the array is given a specific value.

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fgets()

A function that reads a string from the standard input stream (usually the keyboard) until a newline character is reached.

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strncat()

This function appends (concatenates) a portion of a string to the end of another string.

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Newline Character

A newline character represents the end of a line. It is often denoted as 'n' and is used to distinguish between lines of text.

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What is a string?

A sequence of characters, like "Hello world!" or "1234".

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What does the strcat() function do?

A standard function in C that combines two strings, appending the second string to the end of the first.

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What does the strcmp() function do?

A predefined function that compares two strings. It returns 0 if they are equal, a negative value if str1 is less than str2, and a positive value if str1 is greater than str2.

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What is a Standard Library in C?

A library that provides a collection of ready-made functions for C programming.

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What are Standard Library Functions?

Functions that are already defined and available for use in C programs. They are often provided by libraries.

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What are functions?

A function that takes input and returns a calculated value. They are used to perform specific operations or calculations.

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What are user-defined functions?

Functions that you write yourself to solve tasks within your code. They might be used for many different things.

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Function

A block of code that performs a specific task.

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User-Defined Function

A block of code written by the user to perform a specific action.

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Return Type

The function's return type specifies what data type the function returns to the calling code.

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Arguments

Values passed to a function when it is called, like providing ingredients to a recipe.

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Local Variables

Variables declared inside a function, they only exist within that function's scope.

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Global Variables

Variables declared outside any function, they are accessible from anywhere in the program.

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Passing Data to Functions

The process of passing data to a function, similar to sharing information.

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Study Notes

Computer Programming 1 - Finals Coverage

  • Lesson V: Loops

    • while loop: Ideal when the exact number of iterations isn't known beforehand

    • do-while loop: Guarantees the loop body executes at least once

    • for loop: Used when the number of iterations is known upfront. Follows the format for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) { ... }

  • Lesson VI: Arrays

    • Arrays are collections of elements of the same data type, stored contiguously in memory.

    • Array indices start at 0

    • Each element can be accessed using its index

    • One integer typically takes 4 bytes of memory

  • Lesson VII: Strings

    • Strings are sequences of characters

    • In C, strings are arrays of characters

    • Strings often end with a null terminator (\0)

    • Functions like scanf are used to read strings from input but stop at whitespace

    • fgets is preferred when reading strings containing spaces.

  • Lesson VIII: Functions

    • Functions are blocks of code designed to perform a specific task.

    • main Function: Execution begins here

    • User-defined functions: Write your functions

    • Standard library functions: Predefined functions (like printf, scanf, strlen, strcpy) requiring inclusion of appropriate headers (like stdio.h, string.h). Example printf() is from stdio.h.

    • Return Types: Functions can return values. Common return types including int, float, char, or double.

    • Void Functions: Functions that don't return a value are declared using the void keyword

String Operations/Functions

  • String Length:

    • strlen(str): Returns the length of the string, excluding the null terminator

  • String Concatenation:

    • strcat(str1, str2): Appends str2 to str1

    • strncat(str1, str2, n): Appends up to n characters of str2 to str1

  • String Copying:

    • strcpy(str1, str2): Copies str2 to str1

    • strncpy(str1, str2, n): Copies up to n characters of str2 to str1

  • String Comparison:

    • strcmp(str1, str2): Compares str1 and str2; returns 0 if equal, a negative value if str1 is less than str2, and a positive value if str1 is greater than str2.

  • String Lowercase/Uppercase Conversion:

    • strlwr(str) converts a string to lowercase

    • strupr(str) converts a string to uppercase

  • Input: The fgets function is preferred for reading strings that may contain whitespace; scanf stops at whitespace

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts from Computer Programming 1, focusing on loops, arrays, and strings. It includes questions on the usage of while, do-while, and for loops, as well as array handling and string manipulation in C. Test your understanding and prepare thoroughly for your finals!

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