Computer Processes and Hardware Overview

The main tool used to manage files on your computer.

Software you can try before buying. You pay after a trial period.

The process where a computer overlaps tasks in its processing cycle. This makes things faster.

The pathway transferring data between the central processing unit(CPU) and the computer's memory.

The distance between each pixel on a display, measured in millimeters.

A type of user interface that uses graphics and icons for easier interaction with a computer.

Application software designed specifically for a particular industry or function, usually for bigger companies.

The protocol which allows computers to communicate on the internet. It's a set of rules for sending information.

A type of signal used in traditional telephone lines, unlike the digital signals used in modern computers.

A device that converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa. This is essential for communication over phone lines.

The central processing unit (CPU) consists of two main components: the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU). The control unit directs all the actions and operations performed by the CPU. It interprets instructions and manages data flow between the CPU and other components. The ALU performs all the mathematical calculations and logical operations needed for the computer's functions.

A wide area network (WAN) allows computers over vast distances to communicate. It connects networks across cities, states, countries, and even continents. The internet is a prime example of a WAN.

A bit, short for binary digit, is the smallest unit of data in a computer. It represents either a 0 or a 1 in the binary system, which forms the basis of how computers store and process information.

A byte is a common unit of digital information. It consists of 8 consecutive bits, which can be used to represent a character, a number, or a small amount of data.

RAM is the computer's main memory, where the operating system, programs, and data being actively used are stored. It is called 'random access' because the CPU can access any location in memory directly and quickly.

ROM is a type of memory that stores essential instructions needed to boot up the computer and perform basic functions. Unlike RAM, data in ROM cannot be altered by the user. This ensures the computer can start up properly even without user intervention.

A file compression utility reduces the size of a file, making it take up less storage space. This is achieved by removing redundant information and applying special algorithms. Compressed files can be decompressed to regain their original form.

The machine cycle is the sequence of steps the CPU follows to execute one instruction. These steps are: Fetch the instruction, Decode the instruction, Execute the instruction, and Store the result. This cycle repeats continuously for every instruction the CPU executes.

The kernel is the core part of the operating system, responsible for managing all the computer's resources. It acts as the bridge between the applications and the hardware, ensuring everything runs smoothly.

A disk defragmenter reorganizes files on a hard disk, shifting fragments of data closer together. This improves access speeds and reduces the time it takes for the computer to find and open files. It helps de-clutter the hard drive and optimize performance.