Computer Organization Chapter 8: Input/Output

<p>Step 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for block data movement to and from memory with limited CPU involvement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DMA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Output operation invoked (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide a prefetch hint to the core (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interrupt-driven I/O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improves packet retrieval speed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Control command (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programmed I/O (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reads it directly from the buffer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intel Xeon (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Memory Access (DMA) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To obtain data from a peripheral (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Header is processed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing core to bypass main memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct Memory Access (DMA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Test command (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Programmed I/O (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Memory-mapped I/O allows direct access to I/O devices through memory instructions, while isolated I/O requires special commands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Store AC (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The processor can perform other tasks until interrupted by the I/O module. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to processor idle time while waiting for I/O operations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Keyboard input status and control register at address 517. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To continue checking if the I/O operation is complete. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The keyboard input data is ready to be read. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Executing data transfer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1011 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$-2^{n-1}$ to $2^{n-1} - 1$ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1010 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0100 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts it to a positive number. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1001 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Return zero (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subtract bias from the exponent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The significand is equal to zero (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Overflow (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Round off the significand (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zero is returned immediately (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Where the exponent is adjusted (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If either X or Y equals zero (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Processor directly controls I/O operations, waits for completion. Can be inefficient if processor is faster than I/O.

Processor initiates I/O, continues other tasks, and is interrupted when I/O is complete. More efficient than programmed I/O.

I/O module and memory exchange data directly, without processor involvement.

Instructs a peripheral device (e.g., printer) what to do (e.g., start printing).

Checks status of device or condition of I/O module.

I/O module reads data from a device (e.g., sensor).

I/O module sends data to device (e.g., sending data to display).

Manages communication between CPU and peripheral devices.

A network packet arrives at the network interface card (NIC).

Direct Memory Access, a hardware mechanism enabling efficient data transfer between devices and memory.

The NIC signals the host processor that a packet has arrived.

The system retrieves information about the packet (descriptors and headers) from memory.

The header information might not be in the cache.

The system interprets and processes the packet header information.

Actual data of the packet transferred to system memory.

A direct approach to packet processing, bypassing the system buffer for better performance.

The development of ways in which I/O is handled, moving from CPU control to specialized modules and processors.

A method where I/O devices are treated as memory locations, accessed using memory instructions.

A method for I/O where dedicated instructions are used, separate from memory access.

The process of moving data between the processor and an I/O device.

A signal from an I/O device to the processor, requesting its attention.

Interrupt-driven I/O method, which allows the processor to do other tasks while waiting for I/O.

A process that involves aligning the exponents, adding or subtracting the significands, and normalizing the result. It handles underflow and overflow conditions.

Making the exponents of both numbers equal before performing addition/subtraction by shifting the significand of the smaller exponent number to the right.

Adjusting the significand and exponent after addition/subtraction to ensure the significand is within the correct range and the exponent represents the correct magnitude.

A situation where the result of an operation is too small to be represented by the available range of numbers, causing a loss of precision.

A situation where the result of an operation is too large to be represented by the available range of numbers, causing an error.

A process that involves multiplying the significands, adding the exponents, and normalizing the result to handle underflow and overflow conditions.

A process to adjust the result of a floating-point operation to fit the available precision, using specific rounding methods (e.g., round to nearest, round up, round down).

A method used to represent negative numbers in binary. The positive equivalent of a number is negated by inverting all bits and adding 1. This allows for efficient arithmetic operations.

A system using only the digits 0 and 1 to represent numbers. Each digit's position indicates a power of 2, from right to left.

The '1' indicates a negative number. This bit is also known as the sign bit.

It allows for simpler circuitry for arithmetic operations, as subtracting a number becomes equivalent to adding its twos complement. It also simplifies the representation and processing of negative numbers.

Start with the rightmost bit, representing the 'units' place. Each position represents a power of 2, moving to the left. Negative numbers have a '1' in the leftmost bit, representing a negative power of 2.

It allows for consistent arithmetic operations. Applying the same addition logic for both positive and negative numbers streamlines computer calculations.

The number of bits determines the range of integers that can be represented. With 'n' bits, the range is from -2^(n-1) to 2^(n-1)-1.

When the result exceeds the representation range, the carry bit is discarded, effectively wrapping around to the minimum value for the given number of bits.