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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of digital computers since their introduction in the 1940s?
What does a binary digit represent in a digital computer?
Which of the following best describes the hardware of a computer system?
What is the role of system software in a computer?
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Why is studying computer organization beneficial for programmers?
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What distinguishes application software from system software?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of computer organization?
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What is a program defined as in the context of computer systems?
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What is the purpose of an Immediate Operand in an instruction?
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In which mode does an instruction specify the address of the operand directly?
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What register typically represents the accumulator in a basic computer?
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What characterizes the Indirect Addressing mode?
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What does the Data Register (DR) do in the context of the Basic Computer?
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How does the format of the instruction code in a simple computer typically look?
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What bit length is the Address Register (AR) in the Basic Computer?
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What happens in a stored program organization?
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What is the primary focus of computer architecture?
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What does computer organization investigate?
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Which unit of a computer is responsible for executing instructions?
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Which of the following components is NOT a part of the basic operational concept in a CPU?
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What role does the arithmetic-logic unit play in a computer system?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of the memory unit?
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How does the program counter assist in the execution of instructions?
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Which of these is a function of the output unit in a computer system?
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What is the primary function of the instruction register (IR)?
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Which parts comprise an instruction code?
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What defines the operation to be performed in an instruction code?
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How many bits are required for an operation code to define $2^n$ distinct operations?
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What do operands refer to in an instruction code?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the MAR and MDR registers?
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Which of the following represents a valid operation in an instruction?
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What must an instruction code specify in addition to the operation it performs?
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What is the purpose of memory-reference instructions in a computer system?
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What is the main requirement for a computer to serve a useful purpose?
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In Input-Output configuration, where is the serial information from the keyboard first stored?
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What does the interrupt cycle primarily facilitate?
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Where is the return address stored during the interrupt cycle in a computer system?
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What is the primary function of the control unit in a computer?
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What type of information does a terminal unit primarily handle in an input-output configuration?
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How is the number of micro-operations in a system characterized?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
- Digital computers execute various computational tasks using the binary number system, represented through bits (0 & 1).
- Information in computers is structured in groups of bits.
Components of a Computer System
- Hardware: Physical components and devices making up the system.
-
Software: Instructions and data processed by the computer. Includes:
- System Software: Essential for effective computer use, including the operating system.
- Application Software: Programs serving specific user tasks.
Importance of Studying Computer Organization
- Understanding how programs execute internally can help create more efficient code.
- Crucial knowledge for system programmers working closely with hardware.
Computer Architecture vs. Computer Organization
- Computer Architecture: External view, focused on structure and behavior, including instruction sets and registers.
- Computer Organization: Internal view, concerned with hardware operation and connectivity.
Block Diagram of a Digital Computer
- Key units include:
- Input Unit: Receives data and instructions.
- Memory Unit: Stores data and instructions.
- Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logic operations.
- Control Unit: Fetches and interprets instructions.
- Output Unit: Sends results to the external environment.
Key Registers in CPU
- Program Counter (PC): Tracks current and next instruction.
- Instruction Register (IR): Holds the presently executing instruction.
- Memory Address Register (MAR) and Memory Data Register (MDR): Manage data transfer between memory and CPU.
Instruction Codes and Execution
- Instruction Codes: Set of bits directing specific operations performed by the computer.
- Consists of an Opcode (operation code) defining the action, and Operands indicating where data resides.
Modes of Instruction
-
Immediate Mode: Operand included in instruction (e.g.,
ADD AX, 2387H
). -
Direct Address Mode: Instruction specifies the operand's address (e.g.,
MOV AX, [1592H]
). -
Indirect Address Mode: Instruction mentions an address containing the operand's address (e.g.,
Load R1, @500
).
Stored Program Organization
- Simplest computer layout uses a single processor register (Accumulator, AC) with a two-part instruction format.
Registers in Computer Organization
- Address Register (AR): Holds address for operands; 12 bits in basic computers.
- Data Register (DR): Stores operands fetched from memory.
Memory-Reference Instructions
- Clearly defined functions needed for execution of instructions ensuring proper micro-operations.
Input-Output Communication
- Essential for practical functionality; example includes terminal units with keyboards and printers.
- Input Register (INPR) and Output Register (OUTR) manage serial data transfer.
Interrupt Cycle
- A mechanism allowing hardware to pause the current process and resume later, storing the return address for later continuation.
Control Unit Functions
- Initiates sequences of micro-operations; finite number involved in overall system operations.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of computer organization and architecture, focusing on digital computers and their operational principles. Explore the block diagram and definitions that form the foundation of computing systems. Ideal for students looking to understand the structural design of digital computers.