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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Access Layer in NGN?

  • Traffic routing and forwarding
  • Signaling protocol conversion
  • Direct subscriber attachment (correct)
  • Packetization of media

    • What type of gateways are responsible for packetization of media?

  • Access gateways
  • Transport gateways
  • Signalling gateways
  • Media gateways (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the Signalling gateway?

  • To perform protocol conversion
  • To carry signalling traffic and inform the Control Layer (correct)
  • To carry media traffic
  • To configure subscriber settings

    • What is the basis of the Transport Layer in NGN?

    <p>IP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using MPLS in the Transport Layer?

    <p>It provides quality of service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the Transport Layer?

    <p>Routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Media Gateway?

    <p>To terminate media traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of access does NGN support?

    <p>All types of existing and upcoming access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the applications of data networks?

    <p>E-commerce, online banking, online gaming, E-shopping, and IPTV Video on demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a data network?

    <p>An assembly of routers, which are responsible for forwarding information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue with the current generation of networks?

    <p>They are separate network infrastructure with no sharing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of the current scenario of networks?

    <p>Services are tightly coupled with their networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the current scenario of networks?

    <p>The CAPEX and OPEX increase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of NGN Vision?

    <p>Operators will have to install and maintain only a single network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of NGN Vision?

    <p>It is based on Internet Protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of NGN Vision?

    <p>The CAPEX and OPEX will decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of FAX services are supported?

    <p>Point-to-point and Multi-point FAX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a subscriber goes off hook or sends a calling condition to the switch for an Immediate hot line?

    <p>The switch sets up a connection immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Malicious Call Trace feature?

    <p>To trace malicious calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Missed Call Notification (MCN) work?

    <p>Using CLIP and SMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Non Metered Call facility?

    <p>To make calls to toll-free numbers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Outgoing Call only facility restrict?

    <p>Incoming calls only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the O/G Call Restriction Service?

    <p>To bar certain O/G directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a subscriber activate or deactivate the O/G Call Restriction Service?

    <p>By registering a secret password</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of messaging services does NGN support?

    <p>Both real-time and non-real time messaging services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Unified Messaging?

    <p>A service that facilitates the delivery of voice mail, email, fax mail, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Instant Messaging?

    <p>Low latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chat?

    <p>A service that facilitates real-time communication by means of text</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MMS and SMS facilitate?

    <p>Near real-time communication by sending and receiving multimedia messages or text messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN)?

    <p>A wireless service that turns mobile phones into long-range walkie-talkies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of conversation in Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN)?

    <p>One-way-at-a-time mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN) use?

    <p>VoIP (Voice over IP) technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Parlay API?

    <p>To facilitate easier access to core network capabilities from outside of the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Abbreviated Dialling?

    <p>To use short telephone numbers to reach public services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a caller activates the Anonymous Call Rejection service?

    <p>The caller is informed that the user is not accepting calls at that time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Auto Call back?

    <p>To register for a call back when the called person is engaged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Absent Subscriber Service?

    <p>To divert calls to an announcement for absent subscribers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Advice of Charge service provide?

    <p>Information about the costs of a call and the accumulated charges on the end users call meter counters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of services can be developed using NGN's open API interface?

    <p>Third party/OSA-based services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of OSA in the context of NGN?

    <p>Open Service Architecture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Priority Lines?

    <p>To give preference to calls from law enforcement and emergency services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which service allows calls from special telephone instruments after inserting adequate coins or tokens?

    <p>Pay Phone/Coin collecting Box Service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Selective Call Services?

    <p>It allows different members of a family to have different ringing tones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to not answered incoming calls in Voice Mailbox Service?

    <p>They are redirected to a voice mailbox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of Voice Mailbox Service?

    <p>It provides the functionality of a telephone answering machine without owning one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of calls are admitted without payment in Pay Phone/Coin collecting Box Service?

    <p>Emergency service calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Pay Phone/Coin collecting Box Service?

    <p>To allow O/G calls after inserting coins, tokens, or coded cards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common aspect of Selective Call Services and Voice Mailbox Service?

    <p>They both provide messaging services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of a criteria set for determining which calls require forwarding?

    <p>Incoming calling line identity, time of day, and day of week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user answers a call while already engaged in another call with Call Waiting?

    <p>The user is informed via a call waiting tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows a user to call the last party that called, whether or not the call was answered?

    <p>Call Return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a user activate Call Waiting for all incoming calls?

    <p>Via their web interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user depresses the flash hook during a call with Call Waiting?

    <p>The user connects with the waiting party and holds the original party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature records the call contents and identity and gives several options for handling the call?

    <p>Call Intercept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows a user to place a caller on hold and make another call to some other number?

    <p>Call Hold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a user cancel Call Waiting on a per-call basis?

    <p>By dialing a star code before making the call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Abbreviated Dialling?

    <p>To use short telephone numbers to reach public services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Advice of Charge service provide?

    <p>Information about the costs of a call and the accumulated charges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a subscriber activates the Anonymous Call Rejection service?

    <p>The caller is informed that the user is not accepting calls at that time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Auto Call back service?

    <p>To register for a callback when the calling person is engaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of services can be developed using NGN's open API interface?

    <p>Applications developed and provided by vendors outside the service provider's domain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Absent Subscriber Service?

    <p>To divert calls to an announcement when a subscriber is absent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Immediate hot line feature?

    <p>To set up a connection to a predetermined telephone number immediately or after a specified delay period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the Non Metered Call facility?

    <p>It allows the subscriber to make calls to certain numbers without being charged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Parlay API?

    <p>To facilitate access to core network capabilities from outside the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the O/G Call Restriction Service?

    <p>To bar certain O/G directions from the subscriber's telephone line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of third-party services developed using NGN's open API interface?

    <p>They enable new business models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Malicious Call Trace feature?

    <p>To enable a user to request a call trace</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Missed Call Notification (MCN) work?

    <p>By sending a notification to the subscriber's phone based on CLIP and SMS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Outgoing Call only facility?

    <p>To restrict the user to make outgoing calls only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Incoming Call only facility?

    <p>To restrict the user to receive incoming calls only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of FAX services are supported?

    <p>Both Point-to-point FAX and Multi-point FAX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is delivered to the web interface and the phone if capable, using Calling Line ID Delivery?

    <p>Caller's name and phone number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows end-users to select alternative Service Providers to carry their calls without dialing a prefix?

    <p>Carrier Pre-Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What provides a virtual PABX facility for a group of subscribers?

    <p>Centre Facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of call is used to connect to a network, such as the Internet?

    <p>Dial-up Call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows users to be assigned a directory number for direct calls?

    <p>Direct Inward/Outward Dialling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a logical group within the operator's network that allows users to communicate with each other?

    <p>Closed User Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Calling Line ID Delivery?

    <p>To deliver caller's identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What allows users to place/receive calls directly from/to their phone without forcing access via a central number?

    <p>Direct Inward/Outward Dialling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for call setup, routing and charging policies in NGN environment?

    <p>Call Servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Application Layer in NGN?

    <p>To provide enhanced services to subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of MGC in NGN?

    <p>To instruct Media Gateways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of NGN architecture?

    <p>Service separation from network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Media Gateways in NGN?

    <p>To terminate traffic and perform call-related tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the core network composed of in NGN?

    <p>An assembly of routers connected with optical network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Call Servers in NGN?

    <p>To set up, modify, charge and tear down calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using NGN architecture?

    <p>It allows service separation from network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Call Forwarding Immediate enable a user to do?

    <p>Redirect all calls to another destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Call Forward on Not Reachable (CFNR)?

    <p>To redirect calls to another destination when an incoming call encounters a not reachable condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to activate Call Forwarding Immediate?

    <p>Specifying the forwarding number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the caller status when there is a power failure or LAN cable disconnection?

    <p>The caller becomes unreachable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Call Forwarding Remote Access enable users to do?

    <p>Activate, deactivate, and program their Call Forwarding service from any phone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Call Forwarding Selective?

    <p>To define criteria that causes certain incoming calls to be redirected to another destination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common scenario in which Call Forward on Not Reachable (CFNR) is used?

    <p>When an incoming call encounters a not reachable condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required to activate Call Forwarding No Answer?

    <p>Specifying the number of rings before forwarding and the forwarding number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Unified Messaging?

    <p>To facilitate the delivery of voice mail, email, fax mail etc. through common interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of Instant Messaging?

    <p>Low latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MMS and SMS facilitate?

    <p>Near real-time communication by sending and receiving multimedia messages or text messages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technology does Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN) use?

    <p>VoIP (Voice over IP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of messaging services does NGN support?

    <p>Both real-time and non-real time messaging services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mode of conversation in Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN)?

    <p>One-way-at-a-time mode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Chat?

    <p>A form of real-time communication by means of text between two terminal users who have already logged on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the 'Push' operation in Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN)?

    <p>A service initiated data transmission to members of a group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the interface provided by the service?

    <p>To set up call forwarding criteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of a criteria set for determining which calls require forwarding?

    <p>Incoming calling line identity, time of day, and day of week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a caller activates Call Intercept?

    <p>The call contents and identity are recorded and options are provided for handling the call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Call Return?

    <p>To call back the last party that called</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user answers a call while already engaged in another call with Call Waiting?

    <p>The user connects with the waiting party and holds the original party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can a user cancel Call Waiting on a per-call basis?

    <p>By dialing a star code before making the call</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a user depresses the flash hook during a call with Call Waiting?

    <p>The user connects with the waiting party and holds the original party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is Call Waiting restored after a call is over?

    <p>Once the call is over</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is delivered to the web interface and the phone with Calling Line ID Delivery?

    <p>Caller's phone number and name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Carrier Pre-Selection allow end-users to do?

    <p>Select alternative Service Providers to carry their calls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Centrex Facility?

    <p>To provide a virtual PABX facility for groups of subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Closed User Group?

    <p>A logical group within the operator's network that can communicate with each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Dial-up Call?

    <p>To connect to a network connection, e.g. Internet, with a telephone number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the feature that allows users to place/receive calls directly from/to their phone?

    <p>Direct Inward/Outward Dialling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can a user data terminal equipment (DTE) belong to?

    <p>More than one Closed User Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Centrex Facility for a group of subscribers?

    <p>It provides a virtual PABX facility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables NGN to provide vendor independence?

    <p>Standard protocols for interaction with network elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of generalized mobility in NGN?

    <p>Subscriber independence from terminal devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the architecture of NGN composed of?

    <p>Four layers: transport, access, control, and application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of SIP URLs in generalized mobility?

    <p>It provides network identity to each individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key feature of NGN that enables unfettered access to networks and service providers?

    <p>Packet-based network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of independent layers in NGN architecture?

    <p>Flexibility and scalability in network design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of registrar servers in generalized mobility?

    <p>They maintain bindings with URLs and physical device locations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of NGN over traditional networks?

    <p>Unfettered access to networks and service providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Access Layer in NGN?

    <p>Direct subscriber attachment function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of gateways are responsible for terminating media coming from PSTN/PLMN?

    <p>Media gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Media Gateway?

    <p>Packetization of media under the instruction of control layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using NGN?

    <p>NGN can support all kind of existing access as well as upcoming access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of the Transport Layer in NGN?

    <p>IP and MPLS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the Transport Layer?

    <p>Routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Signalling gateway?

    <p>Carrying signalling generated by PSTN</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relation between Access Gateway and subscriber?

    <p>Subscriber can directly be terminated in Access Gateway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of NGN in terms of service provider's CAPEX and OPEX?

    <p>Reduced investment in network infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of services allow customers to converse with each other while displaying visual information?

    <p>Multimedia Services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a value-added feature in NGN's Data Services?

    <p>Bandwidth-on-demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an electronic whiteboard in NGN's Multimedia Services?

    <p>To enable remote teaching and technical discussion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of NGN's Data Services?

    <p>Establish real-time connectivity between endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in NGN's Voice Telephone Services?

    <p>All existing PSTN/ISDN/PLMN voice telephony services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using NGN?

    <p>Supports a wide range of services, including voice, multimedia, and data services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of NGN's various services?

    <p>To enable real-time connectivity and communication between endpoints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN)?

    <p>Always-on connection between groups of mobile subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Number Portability in NGN environment?

    <p>Retaining existing directory numbers while moving from one physical location to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) in NGN environment?

    <p>Combining private networks with subsets of PSTN for uniform dialing capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of services can be provided to customers using NGN's content delivery services?

    <p>Music and video on demand, radio streaming, gaming, and financial information distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of Global Mobility Services in NGN environment?

    <p>Global roaming and location-based services for wireless and wireline subscribers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN) in terms of communication?

    <p>Short-duration and high-urgency voice communications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of NGN's open API interface?

    <p>Developing various services and applications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of NGN's Number Portability?

    <p>Retaining existing directory numbers while moving from one physical location to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Call Forwarding Always?

    <p>To redirect all calls to another destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Call Forwarding No Answer and Call Forwarding Immediate?

    <p>The number of rings before forwarding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Call Forward on Not Reachable (CFNR)?

    <p>To redirect calls to another destination when an incoming call encounters a not reachable condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of Call Forwarding Remote Access?

    <p>It enables users to activate, deactivate, and program their Call Forwarding service from any phone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Call Forwarding Selective?

    <p>To enable users to define criteria that causes certain incoming calls to be redirected to another destination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a caller's status becomes unreachable?

    <p>Call Forward on Not Reachable is triggered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common scenario that triggers Call Forward on Not Reachable?

    <p>Power failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for Call Forwarding No Answer?

    <p>Both A and B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Network and Applications

    • Data network is an assembly of routers responsible for forwarding information from one end to another.
    • Various applications of data networks include E-commerce, online banking, online gaming, E-shopping, IPTV Video on demand, and more.

    Current Generation of Networks

    • The current generation of networks has been developed during different time zones, resulting in separate network infrastructures with no sharing of infrastructure among them.
    • Gateways are available for inter-network communication, but each network has its own service platforms, leading to tightly coupled services with their networks.

    Disadvantages of Current Scenario

    • Carrier or operators have to introduce services separately for separate networks, resulting in increased Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure (OPEX).
    • Service providers need to invest in multiple networks, and maintenance of three different networks increases operational costs.
    • Manpower requires knowledge of multiple technologies.

    Next Generation Network (NGN) Vision

    • NGN is a framework where operators have a common transport network based on Internet Protocol for providing all kinds of telecommunication services.
    • NGN allows for a single network installation and maintenance, reducing CAPEX and OPEX significantly.
    • Service provisioning becomes easier with the introduction of new and intelligent servers.

    Access Layer

    • Access Layer is responsible for direct subscriber attachment function and supports all kinds of existing access as well as upcoming access.
    • NGN does not matter about the type of access, and protocol conversion and/or media conversion may be required at the NGN Gateways.
    • Access Layer consists of Gateways, including Media Gateway, Access Gateway, and Signalling Gateway.

    Transport Layer

    • Transport Layer of NGN is based on IP and can utilize the advantage of MPLS.
    • It forms the core of the Network and consists of Routers, which are responsible for carrying traffic originated by the Access Layer.

    Messaging Services

    • NGN supports both real-time and non-real-time messaging services for fixed and mobile networks.
    • Messaging services include Unified Messaging, Instant Messaging (IM), Chat, MMS, and SMS.
    • Push-to-Talk over NGN (PoN) is a wireless service that turns mobile phones into long-range walkie-talkies.

    Third-Party/OSA-based Services

    • NGN provides open API interface for third-party or person to develop personalized services.
    • Third-party/OSA-based services are applications developed and provided by vendors outside the service provider's domain using IT technology and tools.

    Services Provided by Softswitch

    • Abbreviation Dialling: use of short telephone numbers to reach public services.
    • Absent Subscriber Service: diverts calls to an announcement when a subscriber is absent.
    • Advice of Charge: provides information about the costs of a call and accumulated charges.
    • Anonymous Call Rejection: enables users to reject calls from anonymous parties.
    • Auto Call back: allows users to register for auto call back when a called party is engaged.
    • FAX Call: supports point-to-point and multi-point FAX services.
    • Immediate and Timed hot line: sets up a connection to a predetermined telephone number immediately or after a specified delay period.
    • Incoming Call only: restricts users to receive incoming calls only.
    • Malicious Call Trace: enables users to request call tracing by dialling a feature access code.
    • Missed Call Notification (MCN): provides subscribers with details of missed calls or messages received.
    • Non Metered Call: enables certain numbers as toll-free numbers, and calls made to these numbers are not charged.
    • Outgoing Call only: restricts users to make outgoing calls only.
    • O/G Call Restriction Service or Subscriber controlled dynamic STD/ISD: enables subscribers to bar certain O/G directions from their telephone line.

    Pay Phone/Coin Collecting Box Service

    • Allows O/G calls after inserting adequate coins, tokens, or coded cards
    • Permits I/C calls without payment
    • O/G calls to certain services (e.g. emergency services) may be admitted without payment

    Priority Lines

    • Marks certain lines in the exchange as priority lines
    • Gives preference to these lines when originating calls in abnormal conditions (e.g. switch overload or network congestion)
    • Useful for individuals or services responsible for maintaining law and order and citizen security under emergency conditions

    Selective Call Services

    • Allows end-users to give special treatment to calls from a pre-defined list of subscriber numbers
    • Results in differentiated ringing (for different family members) or rejection of non-expected calls

    Voice Mailbox Service

    • Implements all functionality needed to complete call answer service
    • Redirects unanswered incoming calls to a voice mailbox where callers can leave a message
    • Informs end-users of waiting messages and allows them to retrieve messages

    Fax Call

    • Supports point-to-point and multi-point fax services

    Immediate and Timed Hotline

    • Sets up a connection to a predetermined telephone number immediately or after a specified delay period
    • Allows subscribers to initiate a normal call during the delay period
    • Number registration can be done by the subscriber or administration

    Incoming Call Only

    • Restricts users to receive incoming calls only

    Malicious Call Trace

    • Enables users to request tracing of received calls by dialling a feature access code after the call

    Missed Call Notification (MCN)

    • Provides subscribers with details of missed calls or messages received
    • Uses calling line identification presentation (CLIP) and short message service (SMS)

    Non Metered Call

    • Enables certain numbers as toll-free numbers
    • Calls made to these numbers are not charged

    Outgoing Call Only

    • Restricts users to make outgoing calls only

    O/G Call Restriction Service or Subscriber Controlled Dynamic STD/ISD

    • Enables subscribers to bar certain O/G directions from their telephone line
    • Types of barred directions are prescribed by the administration
    • Subscribers can activate and deactivate the service using a secret password

    Third-Party/OSA-Based Services

    • Provides open API interface for third-party or person to develop personalized services
    • Uses IT technology and tools
    • Facilitates easier access to core network capabilities from outside the network

    Services Provided by Softswitch

    Abbreviation Dialling

    • Uses short telephone numbers to reach public services (typically two or three digits)

    Absent Subscriber Service

    • Diverts calls to an announcement when a subscriber is absent

    Advice of Charge

    • Provides end-users with information about call costs and accumulated charges on their call meter counters

    Anonymous Call Rejection

    • Enables users to reject calls from anonymous parties who have explicitly restricted their caller ID

    Auto Call Back

    • Allows calling parties to register for auto call back when the called party is engaged
    • Users control the service via an interface that sets the forwarding destination address and criteria for determining which calls require forwarding

    Call Hold

    • Enables users to place a caller on hold and make another call to another number

    Call Intercept

    • Records call contents and identity and gives several options for handling the call

    Call Return

    • Enables users to call the last party that called, whether or not the call was answered

    Call Waiting

    • Enables users to answer a call while already engaged in another call
    • Informs users via a call waiting tone
    • Users can activate/deactivate the Call Waiting service for all incoming calls via their web interface

    NGN Architecture

    • The core network is shared among various subscribers using different real-time and non-real-time services, requiring bandwidth policies and QoS policies.
    • The operator must manage the network for its subscribers.
    • The NGN architecture consists of routers connected through an optical network, which route traffic from gateways.

    Control Layer

    • The Control Layer is responsible for call setup, routing, charging policies, and other controls in the NGN environment.
    • It consists of call servers that store all network information.
    • Call servers set up, modify, charge, and tear down calls.
    • NGN may work on soft switch principle, with MGC (Media Gateway Controller) as the overall controller and MGs (Media Gateways) for traffic termination.
    • MGC instructs MGs to establish calls, and MGs perform call-related tasks under MGC's control.

    Application Layer

    • The Application Layer is responsible for OSS/BSS (Operations Support System/Business Support System).
    • Enhanced services are provided to subscribers through application servers, such as prepaid servers, announcement servers, and service servers.
    • NGN enables service separation from the network, allowing new services to be introduced without modifying the control, transport, or access layers.

    Messaging Services

    • NGN supports both real-time and non-real-time messaging services for fixed and mobile networks.
    • Messaging services include unified messaging, instant messaging, chat, MMS, and SMS.

    Unified Messaging

    • Unified messaging facilitates the delivery of voice mail, email, fax mail, etc. through common interfaces.
    • Users can access and be notified of various message types (voice mail, email, fax mail, etc.) through these interfaces, independent of the means of access.

    Instant Messaging (IM)

    • IM is a form of real-time communication between two or more people based on typed text.
    • IM is supported across fixed and mobile networks, with features like low latency, security, mobility, group management, and message filtering.

    Chat

    • Chat facilitates real-time communication by means of text between two terminal users who have already logged on.

    MMS and SMS

    • MMS and SMS facilitate near-real-time communication by sending and receiving multimedia messages or text messages.
    • Examples include video greetings sent using MMS.

    Push to Talk over NGN (PoN)

    • PoN is a wireless service that turns mobile phones into long-range walkie-talkies by connecting to other phones without dialling.
    • The speech is one-way-at-a-time instead of a two-way conversational mode.

    Call Forwarding

    • Call Forwarding Immediate enables a user to redirect all calls to another destination.
    • Call Forwarding No Answer enables a user to redirect calls to another destination when an incoming call is not answered within a specified number of rings.
    • Call Forward on Not Reachable (CFNR) enables a user to redirect calls to another destination when an incoming call encounters a not reachable condition.
    • Call Forwarding Remote Access enables users to activate, deactivate, and program their Call Forwarding service from any phone.
    • Call Forwarding Selective enables a user to define criteria that causes certain incoming calls to be redirected to another destination.

    Other Services

    • Call Hold allows a user to place a caller on hold and make another call to another number.
    • Call Intercept records the call contents and identity and gives several options for handling the call.
    • Call Return enables a user to call the last party that called, whether or not the call was answered.
    • Call Waiting enables a user to answer a call while already engaged in another call.
    • Calling Line ID Delivery enables the delivery of a caller's identity, including their phone number and name.
    • Carrier pre-selection allows end-users to select alternative Service Providers to carry their calls without having to dial a prefix or install special equipment.
    • Centrex Facility provides a virtual PABX facility for a group of subscribers.
    • Closed User Group is a logical group within the operator's network, where users are permitted to communicate with each other but not with users outside the group.
    • Dial-up Call connects a network connection, such as the Internet, which requires a telephone number to be dialled.
    • Direct Inward/Outward Dialling allows Centrex or PABX users to place/receive calls directly from/to their phone without accessing via a central number.

    NGN Definition

    • A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based network that provides telecommunication services to users.
    • It supports multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies, and service-related functions are independent of the underlying transport-related technologies.
    • NGN enables unfettered access for users to networks and competing service providers and services of their choice.
    • It supports generalized mobility, allowing consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users.

    Generalised Mobility

    • In NGN, each individual has their own network identity in the form of "SIPURL: xyz@domain name.com".
    • Users register their devices against the given URL, and registrar servers maintain bindings with URL and physical location of registered devices.
    • Users can register for more than one device at a time, and with generalized mobility, they are not dependent on a specific terminal.

    NGN Architecture

    • NGN has a layered architecture consisting of transport, access, control, and application layers.
    • All layers are independent of each other, and a change in one layer does not affect other layers.

    Access Layer

    • The access layer is responsible for direct subscriber attachment functions.
    • NGN supports all kinds of existing and upcoming access types, including PSTN, GSM, CDMA, xDSL, and WiMAX.
    • Protocol conversion and/or media conversion may be required at the NGN Gateways, depending on the type of access.
    • Examples of gateways are media gateways, access gateways, and signaling gateways.
    • Media gateways terminate media coming from PSTN/PLMN, packetize information, and throw packets to the transport network.
    • Access gateways are nearer to subscribers and are responsible for subscriber configuration.
    • Signaling gateways carry signaling generated by PSTN and inform the control layer in the required format.

    Transport Layer

    • The transport layer of NGN is based on IP and can utilize the advantages of MPLS.
    • The transport layer forms the core of the network and consists of routers responsible for carrying traffic originated by the access layer.
    • NGN uses Internet Protocol (IP) based transport for all services, including voice, thereby reducing service provider's CAPEX and OPEX.

    NGN Services

    • NGN supports voice telephone services, including call forwarding, call waiting, 3-way calling, and calling number and name identification presentation.
    • Multimedia services allow customers to converse with each other while displaying visual information.
    • Data services establish real-time connectivity between endpoints along with various data-related value-added features.
    • Content delivery services provide content-based services like music and video on demand, radio streaming, and gaming.
    • Global mobility services provide global roaming and other location-based services for all types of wireless and wireline subscribers.
    • Number portability allows end-users to retain existing directory numbers while moving from one physical location to another or from one service provider to another.
    • Virtual private networks (VPNs) improve multiple location networking capabilities for businesses.
    • Call forwarding services include call forwarding immediate, call forwarding no answer, call forwarding on not reachable, call forwarding remote access, and call forwarding selective.

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