Computer Network Overview and OSI Model

A straight-through cable is used to connect computers directly.

White/Green, Green, White/Orange, Orange, White/Blue, Blue, White/Brown, Brown

Different color order assignments in wiring standards.

Bits per second (bps), Megabits per second (Mbps), and Terabits per second (Tbps) are used to measure data transfer speeds.

Bits per second.

The Data Link layer is responsible for error control in data transmission.

A data frame.

Mechanism to prevent fast senders from overwhelming slow receivers.

A Media Access Control (MAC) address is a unique 48-bit identifier assigned to network interface controllers (NICs).

A physical address is the hardware address used to locate a specific device on a network.

A unique identifier for a network interface controller (NIC).

A method of inserting special characters into data to prevent confusion with delimiters used to frame data.

A special byte used to mark the beginning and end of a frame in a framing technique (e.g., byte stuffing).

A framing technique where special characters are used to mark data boundaries within the transmitted data.

The data before any modifications for transmission.

The data after modifications for transmission, including additions of delimiters, in a framing technique.

A method used to detect errors in data transmitted over a network by adding a redundant code (CRC) to the data.

A protocol that translates IP addresses to MAC addresses, enabling devices to communicate on a local network.

A network device that forwards data based on MAC addresses, improving network performance.

A switch's key features are plug-and-play capability and self-learning functionality.

Methods to regulate how multiple devices access a shared network resource.

A random access method for computer networks. Data is sent without time slots.

A variation of ALOHA that improves efficiency by dividing time into equal slots; nodes transmit only at the beginning of a slot.

Methods, such as ALOHA and variations (switched), used for media access control in a computer network—how multiple devices share a communication channel.

Telnet uses 8 bits to send all its operations over the network.

A time-sensitive service requires near real-time communication and low latency, making it crucial to deliver data promptly.

Transport services provide crucial functions for application communication, ensuring reliable data delivery, timing, and security.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) handles sending and receiving emails.

The Domain Name System (DNS) translates user-friendly domain names into numerical IP addresses.

TELNET provides users with remote access to another computer system, allowing them to send commands and receive responses.

The Application layer defines the structure and rules for how applications communicate, handling tasks like message formats, semantics, and sending/receiving.

Base64 encoding converts binary data into a text-based format, making it easier to transmit over email or the web.

The IP v4 header checksum is calculated over the entire IP v4 header, including the header fields and the pseudo-header.

An IP v4 address in binary format is represented as 32 bits, divided into four octets, where each octet is a group of 8 bits representing decimal values.

An IP v4 address represents a network address and a host address within that network. It is structured as Network – Host.

Certain IP v4 addresses have specific purposes and are reserved. 0.0.0.0 is one such address.

The loopback address, 127.0.0.1, is used for testing network connections on the same computer.

Routers use a First-in-First-out (FIFO) queuing model to schedule packets for transmission. This means packets are sent in the order they arrive.

The TTL field in an IP v4 header indicates the maximum number of hops an IP packet can traverse before being discarded. It helps prevent packets from looping endlessly.

The IP v4 header has a fixed size of 20 bytes.

A dynamic routing protocol used in computer networks to determine the shortest path between two nodes. It works by iteratively updating the distance vector of each node based on information from its neighbors.

A table maintained by each node in a network containing the distances to all other nodes in the network. The distance is calculated based on the cost of the path connecting the nodes.

A set of rules used to determine the path that data packets should take between two nodes in a network. This path is usually chosen based on factors like cost (e.g., distance), bandwidth, or delay.

A potential issue in distance vector routing where a faulty route update can cause a node to believe a path is shorter than it actually is, leading to infinite loop scenarios.

Routing within an autonomous system, like a single network owned and managed by a single organization.

Routing between different autonomous systems, like connecting networks of different companies.

A distance vector routing protocol common for small networks. It uses a hop count metric to determine the shortest path.

A link-state routing protocol popular for larger networks. It uses a cost metric to determine the shortest path.