8 Questions
What is the primary function of the Network Access Layer?
Defining the electrical and mechanical aspects of transmission
What is the purpose of the IP Layer?
Providing connectivity and path selection between two hosts
What is the purpose of ICMP (Ping)?
Testing connectivity between hosts
How many bits are in an IPv4 address?
32
What is the purpose of a Physical Address (MAC address)?
Identifying devices at the data link layer
What are the three ways to assign an IP address to a device?
Manual, Automatic, and APIPA
What is the maximum number of possible IPv6 addresses?
340 undecillion
What is the command to find your private IP?
Ipconfig /all
Study Notes
Network Access Layer
- Defines the electrical, mechanical, and transmission medium
- Handles the movement of individual bits from one node to the next
Physical Layer
- Physical addresses (MAC) are burned on the network interface card (NIC)
- Each address is unique worldwide and consists of 48 bits (6 bytes) written as 12 hexadecimal digits separated by colons
- Physical addresses can be either Unicast, Multicast, or Broadcast
- Can be checked using
ipconfig /allorGetMac
Datalink Layer
- Provides a logical interface between the end system and the network
- Handles error notification, frame transmission, and hop-to-hop addressing
- Uses media access control (MAC) for error detection and correction mechanisms
Internet / Network Protocol Layer (IP Layer)
- Provides connectivity and path selection between two hosts (Source to Destination)
- Routes data between independent networks
- Uses logical addressing (IPV4 and IPV6) to uniquely identify each device on an IP network
IP Addressing
- IPV4 address is 32 bits divided into 4 octets, each 8 bits, separated by dots
- Each host must have a unique IP address on the same network
- IP addresses can be assigned manually or automatically using DHCP or APIPA (Random/Rang)
IP Commands
-
ipconfig: displays IP configuration -
ipconfig /all: displays detailed IP configuration -
ipconfig /release: releases the IP address -
ipconfig /renew: renews the IP address
ICMP (Ping)
- Used to test connectivity between hosts
- Can ping an IP address or a URL
IP Version 6 (IPV6)
- Uses 128-bit addresses, providing approximately 340 undecillion possible addresses
- Addresses are represented as eight groups, separated by colons, of four hexadecimal digits
Internet of Things (IOT)
- Aims to connect devices to the existing Internet infrastructure
- Enables devices with sensors to collect and send data to the Internet (e.g., coffee makers, A/C, washing machines, ceiling fans, lights)
- Practical applications include:
- Smart Homes
- Smart Cities
- Energy management
- Environment monitoring
- Healthcare management
Understanding the different layers of computer networks, including the Physical Layer, Datalink Layer, and Network Access Layer, and their roles in data transmission and error detection.
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