Computer Instruction Cycle
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Questions and Answers

How many bits does the external address bus have?

  • 24
  • 16
  • 32
  • 20 (correct)
  • What is the size of the physical address space?

  • 2 MB
  • 1 MB (correct)
  • 512 KB
  • 4 MB
  • What is the first step in the operation of a computer?

  • Processed information is output through an output unit
  • Information is fetched from memory into the ALU
  • Information is input through an input unit and stored in memory (correct)
  • The Control Unit directs all activities in the computer
  • What is the role of the Control Unit?

    <p>To direct all activities in the computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the ALU?

    <p>To process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic operation of a computer?

    <p>Repeating basic operations billions of times per second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the input unit?

    <p>To input information from the user</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a computer process information?

    <p>Under program control, information is fetched from memory into the ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of segmentation in internal memory?

    <p>To address the physical address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the output unit?

    <p>To output processed information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Instruction Cycle

    • A single cycle of operation consists of Fetch, Decode, Execute, Memory Access, and Write Back phases
    • Each instruction specifies an operation and the locations of its data operands
    • A 32-bit word typically holds one encoded instruction

    Instruction Types

    • There are three basic instruction types: Load, Store, and Operate
    • Load instruction: Read a data operand from memory or an input device into the processor
    • Store instruction: Write a data operand from a processor register to memory or an output device
    • Operate instruction: Perform an arithmetic or logic operation on data operands in processor registers

    Program Execution

    • A sequence of instructions, executed one after another, constitutes a program
    • Both a program and its data are stored in the main memory
    • A program counter (PC) register holds the memory address of the current instruction
    • The instruction register (IR) holds the current instruction

    Processor Components

    • General-purpose registers hold data and addresses
    • Control circuits and the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) fetch and execute instructions

    Fetching and Executing Instructions

    • The processor control circuits send the address in PC to memory and issue a Read instruction
    • The instruction is loaded from memory into IR
    • The PC is incremented to point to the next instruction

    Program Counter

    • A program counter is a register in a computer processor that contains the address of the instruction being executed
    • As each instruction gets fetched, the program counter increases its stored value by 1

    Handling I/O Devices

    • An application program can read data from an input device, write data to an output device, and sense the readiness of an I/O device

    Performance

    • Factors affecting performance: speed of electronic circuits, access times to cache and main memory, design of the instruction set, and number of operations that can be done in parallel
    • Improvements in process technology lead to more transistors on a chip, resulting in more logic functionality and memory storage capacity
    • Multicore processors can execute instructions in parallel, increasing performance

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    Description

    Test your understanding of the instruction cycle, including the fetch, decode, execute, memory access, and write back phases. Learn how instructions are encoded and executed in a program.

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