Computer History

The four basic periods of computer history include the Pre-mechanical Age, Mechanical Age, ______ Age, and Electronic Age.

The ______ Age of computing spans from 3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D., representing the earliest forms of information recording and communication.

______ are signs or simple figures carved in rock during the Pre-Mechanical Age.

______, which are symbols to represent ideas and concepts, were developed in the Pre-Mechanical Age.

______ is considered the first true written language and real information system, emerging in the Pre-Mechanical Age.

Around 2000 BC, the ______ created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants, marking the creation of the first true alphabet.

The ______ adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels, expanding its usability.

The ______ gave the letters Latin names, creating the alphabet we use today, which builds upon earlier forms of alphabets.

In the Pre-Mechanical Age, ______ used a stylus and wet clay for writing.

______ in 2600 BC used papyrus plants for writing in the Pre-Mechanical Age.

The ______ made paper from rags around 100 AD, contributing to the evolution of writing materials in the Pre-Mechanical Age.

The evolution of the computer is defined in terms of the ______ of computer, each based on technological advancements.

The first computers, dating from 1940-1956, used ______ for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

The first generation computers relied on ______ language.

The ______ and ENIAC computers exemplify first-generation computing devices.

______, starting in 1956, replaced vacuum tubes and reduced the size of computers.

Second-generation computers transitioned from binary machine language to ______ languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.

______, developed in the third generation, became a hallmark in computer technology due to its miniaturization.

Third generation computers used ______ and monitors for user interaction, replacing punched cards and printouts.

An ______ allowed third generation devices to run many different applications at one time.

Fourth generation computing was brought about with the start of the ______ generation, integrating thousands of circuits onto a single silicon chip.

The ______ chip, developed in 1971, placed all computer components on a single chip.

In the fourth generation, the development of GUIs, ______, and handheld devices enhanced the use of computers.

The ______ generation of computers is based on artificial intelligence.

______ processing and superconductors aid artificial intelligence in fifth-generation computers.

Fifth-generation computing aims to have devices respond to ______ input and self-organize.

The Pre-mechanical Age, lasting from approximately 3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D., is characterized by early forms of writing such as hieroglyphics and ______.

While cave paintings represent early forms of visual communication, the development of ______ allowed for more abstract representation of ideas.

The Phoenicians' creation of symbols for single syllables and consonants was a significant step towards creating the first true ______.

The Egyptians' use of papyrus plants for writing was a key development in the creation of lightweight and portable ______.

Second-generation computers introduced greater efficiency with high-level programming languages such as ______ and FORTRAN.

The integrated circuit, a hallmark of third-generation computers, was composed of miniaturized transistors placed on silicon chips, also known as ______.

With the introduction of the microphone, and the development of the GUI, third generations devices allowed users to interact with the computer through ______ and monitors.

The miniaturization of computer components culminated in the fourth generation with the development of the ______, leading to more compact and powerful machines.

Voice ______ is one application being implemented with artificial intelligence in fifth generation computing.

Parallel processors and superconductors are helping to make artificial ______ a reality.

The overall goal of the advancements of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to ______ input.

The ______ chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer.

The first computers, dating from 1940-1956, used vacuum tubes(a sealed glass tube containing a ______ which allows the free passage of electric current.) for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.

They were often enormous and taking up ______ room.