Computer Hardware Part II

Computer Hardware - Part II

• The presentation discusses input and output devices, as well as memory.
• The topic is part of a broader computer fundamentals course.

Table of Contents

• Introduction: Briefly introduces computers and their use in society.
• Number Systems: Discusses numbering systems and conversions between them.
• Hardware: Provides details about computer hardware.
• Software: Details about computer software.
• Networks: Introduction to computer networks and the internet.
• Security: Introduction to computer security.

Memory Unit

• Memory units are storage areas in a computer.
• "Memory" typically refers to the main memory.
• "Storage" refers to memory on disks, CDs, floppies, or tapes.
• Main memory (RAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM) is an integrated circuit holding data and instructions.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

• RAM is a type of computer memory.
• The image shows RAM chips installed in a computer's motherboard.

Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• ROM is a type of computer memory.
• The image shows a ROM chip on a circuit board.

Types of Read-Only Memory (ROM)

• ROM chips
• PROM chips
• EPROM chips
• EEPROM chips

Don't Forget About Memory

• Cache Memory
• Virtual Memory
• CMOS (Complementary metal-oxide-silicon)

Input Devices

• Keyboard: Used for text, numbers, and commands.
• Mouse: Used for clicking, double-clicking, and right-clicking commands.
• Scanner: Used for images, photos, printed documents, and codes. Different types include flatbed, sheetfed, drum, handheld, photo, and film production scanners. They include variations like OCR, OMR, and MICR book scanners, planetary and 3D scanners.
• Digital Camera: Used for photos and videos.
• Light Pen: Used for text, numbers, and drawings.
• Magnetic Reader: Used for credit cards, ATM cards, and similar cards that use magnetic strip technology.
• Microphone: Used for audio and speech input.
• Humidity and Temperature Sensor: Used for environmental data collection in conjunction with devices like Arduino.

Output Devices

• Monitor: Visual display for data. Different resolutions are mentioned (UHD, WQHD, Full HD, WUXGA).
• Printer: Produces hard copies of data. Different types mentioned: Impact printers (dot-matrix, line, daisy wheel, and drum) and non-impact (inkjet, laser, thermal, LED, photo printers, and All-in-one printers); this includes varieties such as 3D printers or plotters.
• Speakers: Used for audio output (various types of speakers are shown).
• Plotter: Specialised output device for producing large-format drawings and blueprints.

Storage

• Logical File Representation: Data stored as files in folders with a specific structure.

  • Files: Programs, documents, images, songs stored on a storage medium.
  • File Names: Assigned by the user.
  • Folders: Named places on the storage medium for organizing files.

• Physical File Representation: How computers access particular documents on a storage medium by their location in the medium.

Storage Devices

• Magnetic: Hard disk drives, tape drives, floppy disk drives
• Optical: CD, DVD, Blu-ray
• Flash Memory: Flash memory storage devices and solid-state storage drives (SSDs); these store data using embedded flash memory chips

Hard Disk

• Internal Hard Drives: Permanent storage located within the system unit.
• External Hard Drives: Commonly used for transferring large amounts of data between computers; they connect via USB.
• Hard Disk Speed: Measures read/write time; total includes seek time, rotational delay, and data movement.
• Disk Cache: Memory used with magnetic hard drives to speed up performance.
• Hybrid Hard Drive: Combination of flash memory and magnetic storage.
• Hard Drive Partitioning: Dividing a physical hard drive into separate logical drives for better organization.
• File Systems: (FAT, FAT32, NTFS) Used to manage files and folders on a hard drive, determining sizes, locations, and more.
• Hard Drive Interface Standards: Determine how hard drives connect to a computer (PATA, SATA, eSATA, SCSI, SAS, Fibre Channel, FCoE, iSCSI). This includes diagrams showing connection ports.
• Different types of hard drive connections (SATA, SAS) are illustrated.

Magnetic Tape

• A storage medium using magnetic tape for data storage.

Floppy Disk

• A storage medium using floppy disks for data storage.

Optical Disk

• Storage mediums for data (CD, DVD, BD)
• Data can be read-only, recordable, or rewritable; frequently downward-compatible.

Flash Memory Storage Systems

• Flash Memory: Chip-based storage medium using electrons to represent data.
• SSDs: Solid-state drives; uses flash memory as secondary storage; faster than traditional HDDs; no moving parts, more energy efficient.
• Embedded Flash Memory: Flash memory chips embedded in devices like portable digital media players, digital cameras, and mobile phones.

Cloud (Online) Storage

• Accesses data via the Internet; stored on other sites or servers.
• Used for backup and synchronization between PCs.
• Often provided free or at a subscription cost.