Computer Hardware Components

Hardware

• Physical components of a computer system:
  • CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions and performs calculations
  • Memory (RAM): temporary storage for data and applications
  • Storage: long-term storage for data, programs, and operating system
  • Input/Output Devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, etc.
  • Motherboard: main circuit board connecting hardware components
  • Power Supply: provides power to components
  • Graphics Card: controls output display
  • Sound Card: handles audio output
  • Network Card: connects to a network

Software

• Programs and operating systems that run on computer hardware:
  • Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for user interaction
    • Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux
  • Applications: programs that perform specific tasks
    • Examples: word processors, web browsers, games
  • System Software: manages and supports computer operations
    • Examples: device drivers, utilities
  • Programming Languages: used to create software
    • Examples: Python, Java, C++
  • Firmware: permanent software stored in read-only memory (ROM)
    • Examples: BIOS, UEFI

Hardware

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions and performs calculations
• Memory (RAM): temporary storage for data and applications
• Storage: long-term storage for data, programs, and operating system
• Input/Output Devices: keyboard, mouse, monitor, speakers, etc.
• Motherboard: main circuit board connecting hardware components
• Power Supply: provides power to components
• Graphics Card: controls output display
• Sound Card: handles audio output
• Network Card: connects to a network

Software

• Operating System (OS): manages hardware and provides interface for user interaction
• Examples of OS: Windows, macOS, Linux
• Applications: programs that perform specific tasks
• Examples of Applications: word processors, web browsers, games
• System Software: manages and supports computer operations
• Examples of System Software: device drivers, utilities
• Programming Languages: used to create software
• Examples of Programming Languages: Python, Java, C++
• Firmware: permanent software stored in read-only memory (ROM)
• Examples of Firmware: BIOS, UEFI

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper Nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
  • Common Nouns: General terms (e.g. dog, city)
  • Collective Nouns: Groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team)
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
  • Possessive Pronouns: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
  • Reflexive Pronouns: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves
• Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
  • Action Verbs: run, jump, read
  • Linking Verbs: be, seem, appear
  • Helping Verbs: will, would, shall
• Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative Adjectives: many, few, much, little
  • Qualitative Adjectives: happy, big, blue
• Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner Adverbs: quickly, loudly, wisely
  • Time Adverbs: yesterday, tomorrow, soon
  • Place Adverbs: here, there, everywhere
• Prepositions: Words that show relationships between words or phrases
  • Words of Location: in, on, at, by
  • Words of Direction: to, from, up, down
• Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses
  • Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, so
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: because, although, unless
• Interjections: Words that express emotion or feeling

Sentence Structure

• Simple Sentences: One independent clause
  • Declarative Sentences: Statements (e.g. I like coffee)
  • Interrogative Sentences: Questions (e.g. Do you like coffee?)
  • Imperative Sentences: Commands (e.g. Make me a cup of coffee)
  • Exclamatory Sentences: Expressions of emotion (e.g. What a beautiful day!)
• Compound Sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
  • Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, so
• Complex Sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
  • Subordinating Conjunctions: because, although, unless
• Compound-Complex Sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Clauses

• Independent Clauses: Standalone clauses with a subject and a predicate
  • Subject: The noun or pronoun that performs the action
  • Predicate: The verb and any additional information
• Dependent Clauses: Clauses that cannot stand alone, often starting with a subordinating conjunction
  • Relative Clauses: Describe a noun or pronoun (e.g. The book, which is on the table, is mine)
  • Adverbial Clauses: Modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (e.g. Because I was tired, I went to bed)

Modifiers

• Adjectives: Modify nouns or pronouns
  • Attributive Adjectives: Precede the noun they modify (e.g. the big red car)
  • Predicate Adjectives: Follow a linking verb (e.g. The car is red)
• Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner Adverbs: Modify verbs (e.g. She sings beautifully)
  • Time Adverbs: Modify verbs (e.g. We will arrive tomorrow)
  • Place Adverbs: Modify verbs (e.g. The meeting is at the office)

Verb Tenses

• Present Tense: Actions that happen now
  • Simple Present: I go, you go, he/she/it goes, we go, they go
  • Present Progressive: I am going, you are going, he/she/it is going, we are going, they are going
  • Present Perfect: I have gone, you have gone, he/she/it has gone, we have gone, they have gone
• Past Tense: Actions that happened in the past
  • Simple Past: I went, you went, he/she/it went, we went, they went
  • Past Progressive: I was going, you were going, he/she/it was going, we were going, they were going
  • Past Perfect: I had gone, you had gone, he/she/it had gone, we had gone, they had gone
• Future Tense: Actions that will happen in the future
  • Simple Future: I will go, you will go, he/she/it will go, we will go, they will go