Domain I—Foundations of Computer-Based Technology

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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of compression in multimedia content?

To improve image quality

To reduce file size (correct)

To enhance audio quality

To increase file size

What is the common format for lossless compression of images?

GIF

PNG (correct)

JPEG

MP3

What is the popular format for compressed video and audio?

AVI

WAV

MOV

MP4 (correct)

What is the purpose of file management in multimedia?

To organize and manage multimedia files Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of backup and archiving in multimedia?

To ensure the safety of multimedia files Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of hardware optimization in multimedia?

To ensure sufficient CPU, GPU, and RAM resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of interactive learning in multimedia education?

To encourage students to create their own multimedia projects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Graphics Card (GPU) in a multimedia computer system?

To enhance the performance of video rendering and gaming applications Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of stylus in multimedia input devices?

To provide precise input on touchscreens Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of converting information or data into a code to prevent unauthorized access?

Encryption Signup and view all the answers

What is the common format for lossy compression of audio?

MP3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a Database Management System (DBMS)?

To create and manage databases Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies to connect and exchange data?

Internet of Things (IoT) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of projector in multimedia output devices?

To project computer screen images onto a larger surface Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Learning Management System (LMS)?

To deliver and manage educational courses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a computer system?

Malware Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose ofBYOD (Bring Your Own Device)?

To allow students and employees to use their own devices for learning and work Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in HTML?

CSS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a plugin like Flash or Java?

To handle different multimedia formats Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the CPU in a computer?

To perform instructions defined by software Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is non-volatile and used to store firmware?

ROM Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of an operating system?

To manage computer hardware and software resources Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between a LAN and a WAN?

The geographic area covered Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a MAC address?

To assign a unique identifier to a network interface Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a firewall?

To monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of DNS?

To translate domain names into IP addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is an algorithm in the context of programming and development?

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of document cameras?

To project documents or objects in real-time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using interactive whiteboards in education?

To make lessons more engaging and interactive Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of scanners?

To convert physical documents and images into digital format Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for using electronic devices in education?

Integrating devices seamlessly into lesson plans Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of webcams?

To capture live video and audio for video conferencing Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for maintaining electronic devices?

Regularly updating software and firmware Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using tablets and e-readers in education?

To access educational apps and read digital books Signup and view all the answers

What is an important consideration for using technology in education?

Implementing security measures to protect student data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of routers in computer networking?

To connect multiple devices to the internet and manage network traffic Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of access points in computer networking?

To extend wireless network coverage and ensure reliable Wi-Fi access Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of online courses like Coursera, Khan Academy, and Duolingo?

To learn new skills and languages Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an Instructional Tool?

Learning Management Systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of project management tools like Asana, Trello, and Jira?

To track tasks, deadlines, and project progress Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a CRM software?

Salesforce Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of automation in manufacturing and production?

To enhance production efficiency and precision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of smart grids in energy management?

To monitor and manage energy consumption and distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of educational software?

Khan Academy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of digital portfolios in assessment and feedback?

To compile and showcase student work Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an accounting software?

Xero Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of email and messaging tools in business?

To facilitate internal and external communication Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a router in a network?

To connect multiple networks and direct data between them Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a network that connects devices within a limited geographic area?

Local Area Network (LAN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a switch in a network?

To connect devices within a single network and use MAC addresses to forward data Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi?

Access Point Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS)?

To manage staff information, payroll, benefits, and performance evaluations Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of open-source software?

It is free to use, modify, and distribute Signup and view all the answers

What is the protocol used for transferring web pages on the internet?

HTTP/HTTPS Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of API integration in educational software?

To allow different software systems to communicate and work together Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic?

Firewall Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a network that covers a broad area, such as multiple cities, states, or countries?

Wide Area Network (WAN) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Library Management Systems?

To manage library resources and track checkouts Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between cloud-based and on-premises software?

Cloud-based software is hosted on remote servers, while on-premises software is installed locally Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of DNS in a network?

To translate human-readable domain names into IP addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a network topology in which all devices are connected to a single central cable?

Bus Topology Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for evaluating the educational relevance of software?

Curriculum alignment and content quality Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Facility Management Software?

To manage and schedule maintenance, track facility usage, and ensure safety compliance Signup and view all the answers

What is the protocol used for sending email messages between servers?

SMTP Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of encryption?

To prevent unauthorized access Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of Moodle as a Learning Management System (LMS)?

It is widely used for its flexibility and community support Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, while IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration for evaluating the usability of software?

Ease of use, user interface, and accessibility Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a subnet?

To improve network performance Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of GIMP image editing software?

To edit and manipulate images and photos Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Learning Management System (LMS)?

To manage course content, assignments, and grading Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a MAC address?

To provide a unique identifier for devices on a network Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of bandwidth?

To measure the maximum rate of data transfer across a network path Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a Student Information System (SIS)?

To manage student data, including enrollment, attendance, grades, and personal information Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of latency?

To measure the delay before a transfer of data begins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a packet in networking?

To contain both the data being sent and the control information for routing Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Wi-Fi?

To allow devices to connect to a network using radio waves Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of evaluating the performance of a software system?

To assess the software's speed, reliability, and stability Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of conducting a needs assessment in evaluating technology systems?

To gather input from teachers, students, and administrators on desired features and functionalities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of providing training sessions and resources for teachers and students?

To enable teachers and students to effectively use the software Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using APIs for custom integrations and extended functionality?

To facilitate the integration of the software with existing systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using encryption to protect sensitive data?

To protect sensitive data during transmission and storage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of providing feedback mechanisms to students?

To enhance learning and improve student outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using game-based elements to engage students?

To motivate and engage students in the learning process Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of using collaborative tools to facilitate group work and peer reviews?

To promote collaboration and teamwork among students Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of conducting a pilot testing program?

To test the software in a real classroom or laboratory setting Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using a structured evaluation framework to assess technology systems?

To assess each criterion and make an informed decision Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in preparing for hardware installation?

Ensure the power is off and follow anti-static precautions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of partitioning and formatting during OS installation?

To choose or create partitions and install the OS Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of asset tracking in inventory management?

To keep track of all technology assets, including hardware, software, and peripherals Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Acceptable Use Policies (AUPs)?

To guide the appropriate use of technology by students and staff Signup and view all the answers

What should you do before installing application software?

Back up important data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of backup solutions in data management?

To protect data against loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Device Manager in Windows?

To manage and configure hardware devices Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of firewalls in network security?

To protect the network from unauthorized access and cyber attacks Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in troubleshooting power issues?

Check the power connections Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the System Preferences in Mac?

To configure hardware settings, user accounts, and network settings Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of incident response plan?

To address security breaches and other emergencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ipconfig in Windows?

To check IP settings and diagnose connectivity issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of user accounts in access control?

To create individual user accounts for students and staff with appropriate access levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of documenting installation, configuration, and troubleshooting steps?

To have a reference for future issues and to aid in troubleshooting Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of labeling in inventory management?

To label all devices with unique identifiers to simplify tracking and management Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using the Task Manager in Windows?

To check for system crashes and diagnose issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of encryption in data management?

To use encryption for sensitive data, both in transit and at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using system utilities like Disk Management?

To perform various system maintenance tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of help desk in technical support?

To provide technical support for hardware and software issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of physical security measures?

To limit access to computer labs, server rooms, and storage areas to authorized personnel only Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of CIPA?

Protecting students from harmful online content Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of COPPA?

Protecting children's online privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of regular audits of technology resources?

To identify and address vulnerabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of stakeholder engagement in technology initiatives?

To involve all stakeholders in planning and implementation Signup and view all the answers

What is an alternative keyboard device that aids students with physical disabilities?

BigKeys Signup and view all the answers

What is a device that replaces the standard mouse, such as a trackball or joystick?

Mouse alternative Signup and view all the answers

What is a software that reads text displayed on the screen aloud?

Screen reader Signup and view all the answers

What is an AAC device that helps students with speech or communication disorders to communicate?

Dynavox Signup and view all the answers

What is a wheelchair-accessible desk that accommodates wheelchairs to ensure comfort and accessibility?

Adjustable height desk Signup and view all the answers

What is a software that provides interactive and multisensory learning experiences for students with learning disabilities?

Read&Write Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of adaptive devices like switches and speech recognition software?

To enable students with severe physical disabilities to interact with computers Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring the use of assistive technology in a student's Individualized Education Program (IEP)?

Outlining specific tools and strategies tailored to the student's needs Signup and view all the answers

What is crucial for creating an inclusive classroom environment?

Ensuring that all digital and physical classroom resources are accessible to students with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for implementing assistive technology effectively?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for ensuring the continuity of assistive technology support?

Offering ongoing technical support to address any issues that arise Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure that digital and physical classroom resources are accessible to students with disabilities?

To promote equal access to education Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of environmental control systems?

To allow students with mobility issues to independently control aspects of their environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of specialized software for learning disabilities?

To provide tailored educational experiences that cater to individual needs Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for promoting equitable access to technology resources?

Ensuring that digital and physical classroom resources are accessible to students with disabilities Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adaptive devices like magnifiers and visual aids?

To assist students with low vision in reading printed and digital materials Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hardware Components

CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that performs instructions defined by software.
RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that provides space for the computer to read and write data to be accessed by the CPU quickly.
ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory used to store firmware.
Storage Devices: HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and SSD (Solid State Drive) for long-term data storage.
Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone.
Output Devices: Monitor, printer, speakers.

Software

Operating Systems (OS): Software that manages computer hardware and software resources, e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux.
Application Software: Programs designed for end-users, such as word processors, spreadsheets, and databases.
System Software: Includes the operating system and utility programs that manage computer resources.

Networking

LAN (Local Area Network): A network that connects computers within a limited area.
WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that covers a broad area, such as multiple buildings or cities.
IP Address: A unique string of numbers separated by periods that identifies each computer using the Internet Protocol to communicate over a network.
MAC Address: A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment.
Router: A device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Switch: A device that filters and forwards packets between LAN segments.
Firewall: A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic.

Internet and Web

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): The foundation of any data exchange on the Web.
HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure): An extension of HTTP with security capabilities.
URL (Uniform Resource Locator): The address of a resource on the internet.
DNS (Domain Name System): The system that translates domain names into IP addresses.

Programming and Development

Algorithm: A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem.
Programming Languages: Languages used to create software applications, e.g., Python, Java, C++.
HTML (HyperText Markup Language): The standard language for documents designed to be displayed in a web browser.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): A style sheet language used for describing the presentation of a document written in HTML.
JavaScript: A programming language commonly used in web development for creating interactive effects within web browsers.

Cybersecurity

Encryption: The process of converting information or data into a code to prevent unauthorized access.
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a computer system.
Phishing: A technique used to gain personal information for the purpose of identity theft, usually by means of fraudulent emails.

Databases

Database Management System (DBMS): Software for creating and managing databases.
SQL (Structured Query Language): A standard programming language for managing and manipulating databases.
Relational Database: A database structured to recognize relations among stored items of information.### Computer Networks
A network switch connects multiple Ethernet devices, making them act as a single network segment.
Unlike a hub, a switch doesn't broadcast data to all devices, reducing collisions.

Network Protocols

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol):
- Ensures reliable data transmission and handles addressing and routing.
HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure):
- Protocols for transferring web pages on the internet, with HTTPS including encryption for security.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
- Used for transferring files between computers on a network.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):
- Protocol for sending email messages between servers.

Network Security

Firewall:
- A security device or software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
VPN (Virtual Private Network):
- Creates a secure connection over a public network, encrypting data transmitted between the user's device and the internet.
Encryption:
- The process of converting data into a coded format to prevent unauthorized access.

IP Addressing

IPv4:
- The most common version of IP, using 32-bit addresses (e.g., 192.168.0.1), limited to approximately 4.3 billion unique addresses.
IPv6:
- The newer version of IP, using 128-bit addresses (e.g., 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334), providing a virtually unlimited number of unique addresses.
Static IP Address:
- A permanent IP address assigned to a device.
Dynamic IP Address:
- An IP address assigned by a DHCP server that can change over time.

Wireless Networking

Wi-Fi:
- Wireless technology allowing devices to connect to a network using radio waves.
Bluetooth:
- Short-range wireless technology for connecting personal devices.
Cellular Networks:
- Mobile networks providing internet access and communication through cellular towers.

Common Networking Terms

Bandwidth:
- The maximum rate of data transfer across a network path, measured in bits per second (bps).
Latency:
- The delay before a transfer of data begins following an instruction, measured in milliseconds (ms).
Packet:
- A small unit of data transmitted over a network, containing both the data being sent and control information for routing.
Subnet:
- A logical subdivision of an IP network, used to improve network performance and security.
MAC Address:
- A unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment.

Software in Educational Settings

Learning Management Systems (LMS):
- Examples: Canvas, Blackboard, Moodle (open source)
- Purpose: Manage course content, assignments, grading, and communication between teachers and students.
Educational Software and Apps:
- Examples: Khan Academy, Duolingo, Quizlet, Seesaw
- Purpose: Provide interactive learning experiences, tutorials, quizzes, and educational games to enhance student learning.
Office Productivity Suites:
- Examples: Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint), Google Workspace (Docs, Sheets, Slides), LibreOffice (open source)
- Purpose: Create and manage documents, spreadsheets, and presentations.
Collaboration Tools:
- Examples: Microsoft Teams, Slack, Zoom, Google Meet
- Purpose: Facilitate communication and collaboration among students and teachers through chat, video conferencing, and file sharing.

Key Concepts

Software Licensing:
- Proprietary Software: Requires purchase or subscription and has restrictions on usage and modification.
- Open Source Software: Free to use, modify, and distribute, encouraging community collaboration and transparency.
Integration and Compatibility:
- APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Allow different software systems to communicate and work together, enhancing functionality and integration.
- Interoperability: Ensures different systems and software can work together seamlessly, critical for efficient administrative and educational operations.
Cloud-Based vs. On-Premises:
- Cloud-Based Software: Hosted on remote servers and accessed via the internet, offering scalability and remote access.
- On-Premises Software: Installed and run on local servers within the institution, providing more control over data and security.

Evaluating Technology Systems and Software

Educational Relevance:
- Curriculum Alignment: Ensure the software or system aligns with educational standards and curriculum goals.
- Content Quality: Evaluate the accuracy, depth, and relevance of the content provided by the software.
- Pedagogical Effectiveness: Assess whether the software supports effective teaching methods and learning styles.
Usability:
- Ease of Use: The software should be intuitive and easy to navigate for both students and teachers.
- User Interface: A clean, organized, and visually appealing interface that enhances user experience.
- Accessibility: Ensure the software is accessible to all students, including those with disabilities.

Installation and Configuration of Hardware and Software

Hardware Installation:
- Preparation: Safety precautions, documentation, and physical installation of internal and external components.
Software Installation:
- Preparation: System requirements, backup, and installation process.
Configuration of Hardware and Software:
- BIOS/UEFI settings, device manager, and network configuration.
- Operating system settings, device configuration, and network settings.

Troubleshooting Hardware and Software

Hardware Troubleshooting:
- Power issues, boot issues, peripheral problems, and troubleshooting steps.
Software Troubleshooting:
- System crashes, freezes, application errors, and network issues.

Practical Tips

Documentation: Always document steps taken during installation, configuration, and troubleshooting.
Backups: Regularly back up important data to avoid data loss during troubleshooting or reinstallation.
Tools and Utilities:
- System utilities, third-party tools, and staying updated with the latest patches and updates.

Organization of Technology Resources

Inventory Management:
- Asset tracking, labeling, and documentation.
Resource Allocation:
- Needs assessment, distribution, and usage monitoring.
Scheduling:
- Booking systems and maintenance schedules.

Management of Technology Resources

IT Policies and Procedures:
- Acceptable Use Policies (AUP), BYOD policies, software licensing, and technical support.
Technical Support:
- Help desk, training, and maintenance.
Data Management:
- Backup solutions, data retention policies, cloud storage, and security measures.

Security of Technology Resources

Physical Security:
- Secure access, surveillance, and limiting access to authorized personnel.
Data Security:
- Encryption, secure protocols, and secure data transmission.### Locking Mechanisms
Use locks and cables to secure devices in classrooms and labs.

Network Security

Implement firewalls to protect the network from unauthorized access and cyber attacks.
Install and regularly update antivirus and anti-malware software on all devices.
Use encryption for sensitive data, both in transit and at rest, to prevent unauthorized access.

Access Control

Create individual user accounts for students and staff with appropriate access levels.
Enforce strong password policies and require regular password changes.
Implement two-factor authentication (2FA) for accessing sensitive systems and data.

Incident Response

Develop an incident response plan for addressing security breaches and other emergencies.
Conduct regular drills to ensure that staff and students are prepared to respond to security incidents.
Have procedures in place for investigating security incidents and collecting evidence.

Compliance

Ensure compliance with FERPA, CIPA, and COPPA regarding student data privacy.

Best Practices

Conduct regular audits of technology resources and security measures to identify and address vulnerabilities.
Invest in ongoing professional development for IT staff to keep them up-to-date with the latest technologies and security practices.
Involve all stakeholders in the planning and implementation of technology initiatives.
Establish feedback mechanisms to gather input on technology usage and issues.

Adaptive Assistive Technology

Input Devices

Alternative keyboards, such as BigKeys and IntelliKeys, aid students with physical disabilities.
Mouse alternatives, such as trackballs, joysticks, or head-operated pointers, replace standard mice.
Speech recognition software, like Dragon NaturallySpeaking and Windows Speech Recognition, allows voice control.
Switches, such as Sip-and-Puff Switch and Button Switches, can be activated by pressing, puffing, or blinking.

Output Devices

Screen readers, like JAWS and NVDA, read text aloud for visually impaired students.
Braille displays, such as Refreshable Braille Display, convert text to Braille.
Text-to-Speech (TTS) software, like Kurzweil 3000 and NaturalReader, converts written text to spoken words.

Communication Devices

Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) devices, like Dynavox and Tobii Communicator, aid students with speech disorders.
Speech Generating Devices (SGDs), such as GoTalk and Proloquo2Go, produce spoken words for non-speaking individuals.

Mobility Aids

Wheelchair-accessible desks and ergonomic furniture, like Adjustable Height Desks and Ergonomic Chairs, provide comfort and accessibility.

Learning Aids

Software, such as Read&Write and Inspiration, supports students with learning disabilities.
Visual aids, like ZoomText and Electronic Magnifiers, assist visually impaired students.
Hearing aids and assistive listening devices, such as FM Systems and Cochlear Implants, amplify sound or provide alternative access to audio information.

Environmental Control Systems

Smart home devices, like Alexa and Google Home, allow students to control their environment using voice commands or switches.

Implementing Adaptive Assistive Technology

Ensure that assistive technology is included in the student's Individualized Education Program (IEP).
Provide training and support for teachers, students, and parents on assistive technology use.
Collaborate with specialists to identify the most appropriate technology solutions.
Continuously assess the effectiveness of assistive technology and make necessary adjustments.

Best Practices for Teachers

Understand acceptable use policies governing technology use.
Manage technology resources and equipment.
Integrate technology effectively into curriculum and instructional practices.
Engage in professional development opportunities for technology integration.
Promote equitable access to technology resources for all students.

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