Computer Hardware and Software

• A computer is an electronic machine performing calculations based on instructions.
• Early computers were large, needing teams for building, managing, and maintenance. Modern computers are much faster and smaller.

Computer Systems

• A computer system has hardware and software.
• Hardware is the physical equipment, such as the case, keyboard, monitor, cables, storage drives, speakers, and printers.
• Software includes the operating system and programs.
• The operating system manages computer operations (identifying, accessing, processing information).
• Programs or applications perform different functions based on the type of information.

Cases

• Desktop computer cases house internal parts like the power supply, motherboard, CPU, memory, disk drives, and adapter cards.
• Cases are plastic, steel, or aluminum, providing support, protection, and cooling.
• A device's form factor is its physical design and look. Desktops come in various form factors.
• Horizontal cases were used in early computer systems, but are no longer popular.
• Full-size towers are oriented vertically and give room for expansion.
• Compact towers are smaller versions of full-size towers.
• All-in-one computers integrate system components into the display, with limited expansion.

Computer Components and Cooling

• Computer cases have fans to move air, preventing overheating and protecting against static electricity.
• Internal components are grounded via attachment to the case.

Computer Characteristics

• Speed: Computers are several times faster than humans and uses microseconds (10^-6), nanoseconds (10^-9) or picoseconds (10^-12) as units of speed
• Accuracy: Computers have consistently high accuracy
• Storage: Computers can store and recall any amount of information.
• Diligence: Computers can work for hours without error.
• Versatility: Computers can perform multiple tasks at once.

Human vs. Computer

• Humans require blood and air while computers require electrical power.
• Humans can think and feel, computers require programming.
• Computers are faster but humans are very reliable.

Economic Benefits of Computers

• Computers automate tasks (ATMs, etc) and are important for automation, referring to machines doing work once done by people.
• Office use: Computers manage records, analyze data and prepare documents in offices.
• Electronic mail: Computers and networks transmit messages and attachments electronically.
• Productivity: Computers raise output and quality at a lower labor cost.
• Industry: Computers aid design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM).
• Modeling: Computers simulate real-life processes.
• Space exploration: Computers help design, assemble, and simulate rockets.

System Unit

• Computers differ in architecture, but have the same basic organization.
• Basic components are the system unit, input devices, and output devices.
• The system unit, or CPU, has different components.

Motherboard

• The motherboard as a system board (main board) that is the “backbone” of the computer.
• It’s a printed circuit board (PCB) with buses (electrical pathways) that interconnect electronic components. Components connect to the motherboard via soldering, sockets, expansion slots, and ports.
• CPU and RAM considered the “brain” of computer.
• Expansion slots provide locations to connect additional components.
• Chipsets consist of integrated circuits that control system hardware interaction.

Chipsets

• Northbridge chipsets control high-speed access to RAM and video cards.
• Southbridge chipsets enable CPU communication with slower devices.
• Motherboard form factor affects size, shape, and component layout.

Form Factor

• ATX is is the most popular whereas a Micro-ATX is smaller.
• Mini-ITX is designed for small devices that is comparable from factor to micro-ATX.

Power Supplies

• Computers use power supplies to convert AC power to DC power.
• Advanced Technology (AT) obsolete and AT Extended (ATX) considered to be obsolete.
• ATX12V is the most common power supply that included a second motherboard connector to dedicate power to CPU.
• EPS12V is originally designed for network servers but now used on high-end models.
• Power connectors are "keyed" and provide different voltages (3.3V, 5V, 12V.)

Storage

• Storage means holding data until it is accessed.
• Primary storage (RAM) keeps track of what is currently processing, but is volatile.
• Secondary storage is non-volatile and provides auxiliary storage for input and output.

Storage Devices Types

• Magnetic disks (floppy disks) uses magnetism, high capacity reliability and direct access to store data, however, is being obsolete.
• Hard disks consist of metal magnetic plates in a sealed case, usually installed inside the computer
• Tape are for backup, however, is slow with read/write, but still used for archival purposes.
• Optical Disks are unaffected by magnetic fields and holds more data (CD/DVD) where most WORM types cannot be changed
• Pen drives, a.k.a. USB Flash Drive, used to transfer through USB ports.

Disk Format and Capacity

• Disks are formatted in a divided way: tracks, sectors and cylinders, as well as listing the root directory
• Capacity depends on disk type (Floppy, Hard disk, Pen Drive), as well as sizes varies from MB to GB.

Disk Partitions

• Disks can be divided into partitions and can be logically be formatted by a file system
• “Volume label” names can easily be identified
• The OS assigns drive letters to disk drive and files reference to a partition.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• CPU is considered the 'brain' of the computer and is responsible for computing.
• Common manufactures: Intel and AMD
• Have two types: Pin Grid Array (PGA) where underside can be inserted to the CPU socket, as well as Land Grid Array (LGA) using zero indication force (ZIF).
• A program is a sequence, and its instructions executed through following a specific instruction set
• There are two instruction sets: Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC), and Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
• Cached data and are stored in special high-speed memory.

Input Devices

• Input devices enter data into computer, Mice and keyboards allow text entry and GUI navigation, as well as a Touch Screen which can touch or pressure data.
• Joysticks and Gamepads allow playing games, using buttons, triggers and sticks, and is often used to play simulations.
• Digital Cameras and Video Cameras capture and alter image, and is able to display and print.
• Scanners and Digitilizers are a device to digitize image or other artwork to a surface.
• Biometric ID devices such as Fingerprint Readers identify uniquely.
• Smart card reader used to authenticate.

KVM and Other Switches

• A KVM, keyboard video mouse, switches are a hardware device used to control multiple monitors, keyboard and monitor at once.
• Typically it presses a button on the button which allow the device be changed

Output Devices

• Output devices output information for the user, for an example, monitors and projectors.

Monitors

• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) flat panel contains consists of 2 polarizing filters with liquid solution.

• LED (Light-Emitting Diodes) are displays LED backlighting display better contrast

• OLED (Organic LED) are thinner and lighter with the organic material that responds to light emitting light individually resulting dark blacks.

• Plasma displays are flat panels using ionized gas for brightness.

• DLP (Digital Light Processing) are a projection technology using a color wheel with microprocessor controlled array.

• Legacy monitors include Cathode Ray Tube (CRT).

Printers, Speakers and Televisions

• Printers are output for hard copies, while speakers and headphones output audio signals (often integrated into motherboard.
• Televisions are also output devices which may have input capabilities.

Storage

• Storage refers to media and methods of keeping information such as main memory for storage, or auxiliary storage for files.

Storage Types

• Main memory always keeps track of what is being processed (using RAM).
• Auxiliary storage keeps the ready to be used, non- volatile (Hard Disks, Diskettes etc)
• Main methods of auxiliary storage:
  • Magnetic disks using floppies
  • Hard Disks can be sealed to ensure motion
  • Backups through tape for large quantities and slow purposes
  • Optical disks are usually unaffected from magnetic fields, and can hold a lot more data.
  • Pen Drive USB Flash Drives which allows to copy data easily.

Disk Format and Capacity

• Format: Tracks, Sectors, Cylinders, Root Directory
• Capacity Size: •5 1/4 Floppy Disk store 1.2 MB •3 1/2 Floppy Disk store 1.44 MB •Hard Disk store 20 MB+ Data

Disk Partition

• Disk Partition divide Physical Sections to any desired File System. These partitions are referred to as volume with an asked name during formatting

Operating Systems (OS)

• Systems like Windows uses a GUI that is quick access through mouse clicks with icons and buttons.

Windows 10 and the Desktop

• Desktop and Taskbar as main parts of the interface for window and application usage.
• Easy to manage drive as well as manage files.
• Find browsing networks as easy.
• Recycle Bin as a temporary storage for the Local System’s deleted files.
• The taskbar has switching among multiple applications and can be organized easy.

Start Button

• Has quick options to lunch programs, document sharing, controlling settings, printers and scanners external through search.
• All functionalities through from the taskbar/run, etc..

The Window

• A window is rectangular with the following: — Nav Pane for favorites and section opening — Quick toolbars —Search box for libraries — Scroll bar which allow document view for what you want to see
• The back button closes a Window like “ESC” which performs the same functions.

Storage Devices

• Storage references a medium and methods used to keep information.
• Some immediate. some extend to different users. different storage media are appropriate.
• Types of Storage is volatile unless plugged to form of chips.
• Auxiliary storage is like “filed away, when not readily being erased.
• There are: Magnet Disks, consisting of metal with magnetic places which are sealed. There are Cartages, and removable types for such. This drives controller will control the motion of the disk holding the media itself.

Creating Documents

• In Windows, you can set up to easily create and double click existing forms or files. Once stated up, the main screen is appeared when you can easily navigate with your mouse.

MS Word Introduction

• Word 2019 is word processing program creates professional documents (reports, resume, letters, memos. newsletters), Includes many powerful tools: ease create, edit documents, collaborate. Starts/exits program; creates/saves/open/closes/edits, formats/prints docs; applies style/help.

Starting MS Word

• You can start word 2019: start menu (windows 7/10) / double click existing Word file.
• The start screen appears/prompts opens existing document create new document.

User Interface

• All shares office 2019 share common user interface.

Elements of MS Word

• Title, quick access, ribbon, navigator, document, scroll bars, status.
• Easy to use.
• Used Live Preview effect on select text,
• Arrow for integrated Separate Row.
• Tabs like tables etc offer various options

Tool bar

• The access to the toolbar allow customize frequently used commands, options, default/locates on leffy side to provide easy edits.

Back View

• Back view file is easy to create: open save print, file properties update and can easily access this by clicking the tabs by pages on the left pane.

MS Word Creation

• From windows, the document opens.
• Each doc defaults the name until saved.
• To create File—new, select right thumbnail save

Saving Documents

• Follow prompts as needed.

Opening Documents

• Check for current location.
• File then open.
• Then check file type in open dialog box.

Editing

• The menu is set after you create
• Selecting is easy

MS Word Selection

• Double click for 1 word to select Hold —Click to select 1 sentence Click Area- Left to select line.
• Triple- Click Paragraph, Area on Left to paragraph

Hold down shirt key for adjacent words, drag down Use CTRL to select non- adjacent

Editing Actions

• Deleting, select backspace and press right arrow
• Text moving press/add-cut then place in new location

Word Formatting

• You can enhance appearance (to make it look professional)
• Text, Font can set the Home tab and set custom commands or presets. The Font can be boldized text.

Spacing and Paragraph

• The paragraph sets position for lines for the left and right, this way edits can be made for the text and the spacing can quickly edited to see the differences.

Numbers

• You can add these as well to lists or make them seem important
• The easy quick is on the layout option

Style application

• The format allows easy read and the way you edit text or make changes. Easy access which is known for its abilities to quickly edit.

Formatting

• To assist and help on any topic, word makes it available for quick and easy tasks/ assistance for any problems.

Virus and Antidotes

• Viruses are hard to define, differentiate from other programs, or describe its aspects due to general consensus.

Virus Classification

• Boot- sector Virus exists mostly in sectors or floppies

• File infector” is attached to files activated for time of use

• The collective program can break into three functional parts: Replication, concealment, and bomb.

Characteristics of a Virus

• A virus needs to reproduce on its own, and without you knowing, it could load into your systems.

Viruses Hiding

• Is by hiding and replication to avoid the detection while it replicates Small Size and Encrpytion are key.

Virus Loading

• Needs a trigger for an event specific in arrival of a certain range, etc. when that action occurs the virus becomes evident and can be benign or destrucive.

Typical Symptoms

• The system cannot boot
• Pops ups are strange
• Corrupt files
• Renaming Files on its own

Spreading

• To achieve, it happens with USB, Flash Drives, Internet, LAN or a mix of components.

Types of Viruses

• A lot of malicious activity is labeled a 'Virus' which destroys data/files.

Social Engineering Virus

• Virus, with social engineering, relies on other people to spread

Trojan Horses

• This type is like that of a name, and is hidden surprise on its own.
• The hidden aspects makes it harder to notice.