Computer Hardware and Software Overview

Components:
- Central Processing Unit (CPU): executes instructions
- Memory (RAM): temporary data storage
- Storage (HDD/SSD): permanent data storage
- Input/Output Devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.)
- Power Supply: provides power to components
Types:
- Desktop: stationary computer
- Laptop: portable computer
- Mobile Devices: smartphones, tablets, etc.
- Server: high-performance computer for networking

Types:
- System Software: operating system, device drivers, etc.
- Application Software: productivity, entertainment, etc.
- Programming Languages: languages for writing software (e.g., Python, Java)
Operating Systems:
- Windows
- macOS
- Linux
- Mobile OS (e.g., Android, iOS)
Software Development:
- Development Life Cycle: design, implementation, testing, deployment
- Programming Paradigms: object-oriented, procedural, functional

Types:
- Local Area Network (LAN): connects devices in a limited area
- Wide Area Network (WAN): connects devices over a large area
- Wireless Network (WLAN): connects devices wirelessly
- Internet: global network of interconnected computers
Network Topology:
- Bus
- Star
- Ring
- Mesh
Network Protocols:
- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

Threats:
- Malware: viruses, Trojans, spyware, etc.
- Phishing: fraudulent emails, messages, etc.
- Ransomware: encrypts data for ransom
- SQL Injection: attacks databases
Security Measures:
- Firewalls: block unauthorized access
- Encryption: secure data transmission
- Authentication: verify user identities
- Backups: store data for recovery
Best Practices:
- Strong passwords
- Regular software updates
- Avoid suspicious links and attachments

Types:
- Narrow or Weak AI: focused on a specific task
- General or Strong AI: human-like intelligence
- Superintelligence: significantly surpasses human intelligence
Machine Learning:
- Supervised Learning: labeled data
- Unsupervised Learning: unlabeled data
- Reinforcement Learning: trial and error
AI Applications:
- Natural Language Processing (NLP)
- Computer Vision
- Robotics
- Expert Systems

Central Processing Unit (CPU) executes instructions, performing calculations and logical operations.
Memory (RAM) temporarily stores data, with a larger capacity allowing for more applications to run simultaneously.
Storage (HDD/SSD) provides permanent data storage, with SSDs offering faster data access and retrieval.
Input/Output Devices (keyboard, mouse, monitor, etc.) allow users to interact with and view the computer's output.
Power Supply provides power to components, ensuring stable operation and protecting against power surges.

System Software manages computer hardware components, providing a platform for running applications.
Application Software includes productivity, entertainment, and other software that performs specific tasks.
Programming Languages, such as Python, Java, and C++, enable developers to write software.

Local Area Network (LAN) connects devices in a limited area, such as a home or office.
Wide Area Network (WAN) connects devices over a large area, such as a city or country.
Wireless Network (WLAN) connects devices wirelessly, using radio waves or infrared signals.
Internet is a global network of interconnected computers, enabling communication and information sharing.

Malware, including viruses, Trojans, and spyware, can compromise computer security and data.
Phishing attacks involve fraudulent emails, messages, or websites, aiming to steal sensitive information.
Ransomware encrypts data, demanding payment in exchange for decryption.
SQL Injection attacks target databases, attempting to access or manipulate sensitive data.
Firewalls block unauthorized access, protecting networks and devices from external threats.
Encryption secures data transmission, making it unreadable to unauthorized parties.
Authentication verifies user identities, ensuring that only authorized users access systems and data.
Backups store data for recovery, providing a safety net in case of data loss or corruption.

Narrow or Weak AI focuses on a specific task, such as facial recognition, language translation, or playing chess.
General or Strong AI aims to achieve human-like intelligence, capable of reasoning, problem-solving, and learning.
Superintelligence significantly surpasses human intelligence, potentially leading to exponential growth and unpredictable outcomes.
Supervised Learning involves training AI models with labeled data, enabling them to make predictions or classify new data.
Unsupervised Learning involves training AI models with unlabeled data, allowing them to discover patterns and relationships.
Reinforcement Learning involves training AI models through trial and error, with rewards or penalties shaping their behavior.
Natural Language Processing (NLP) enables AI to understand, generate, and process human language.
Computer Vision enables AI to interpret and understand visual data from images and videos.
Robotics combines AI with mechanical systems, enabling autonomous movement and interaction with the environment.
Expert Systems mimic human decision-making, providing expert-level advice and guidance in specific domains.