Computer Hardware and Software Overview

A single hexadecimal digit represents four bits. Hexadecimal uses sixteen digits (0-9 and A-F) to represent binary numbers, while each binary digit (bit) can be either 0 or 1. Since 16 is equal to 2 raised to the power of 4 (2^4 = 16), a single hexadecimal digit can represent four binary digits.

Boolean algebra is a system of symbolic logic used to simplify and analyze logic circuits. It involves basic operations like AND, OR, and NOT (logical operations). Key laws include Associative, Commutative, and Distributive properties.

File maintenance involves organizing, renaming, deleting, and updating files. This ensures efficient data management, prevents data loss, and keeps your files in order.

Data backup creates copies of essential data for recovery in case of loss or corruption. It's like a safety net for your important files. Data archive stores old data that isn't frequently used, like storing old photos.

Encryption uses algorithms to convert data into an unreadable format, protecting it from unauthorized access. Password protection restricts access to data, ensuring only authorized users can access information. Physical security measures include safeguarding devices from theft or damage. Regular audits check for security vulnerabilities and ensure compliance.

The physical components of a computer system, such as the CPU, RAM, storage devices, and input/output devices.

Instructions that tell the hardware what to do. It is divided into system software (operating systems) and application software (programs for specific tasks).

Basic building blocks of digital circuits, including AND, OR, NOT, XOR, etc. They perform logical operations on binary inputs to produce a binary output.

Components used to store a single bit of data, typically in a binary form (0 or 1). They can be set to a specific state and maintain it until changed.

A device that selects one of multiple input signals and routes it to a single output. It uses control signals to determine which input is chosen.

A type of memory that is volatile, meaning data is lost when power is turned off. It's used to store active programs and data that the CPU needs to access quickly.

A type of memory that is non-volatile, meaning data persists even when power is off. It's used for long-term storage of files, applications, and other data.

A number system with a base of 8, using digits from 0 to 7. It's less common nowadays but was used in older computer systems.