Computer Fundamentals - Functional Units
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What is the role of the control unit in a computer system?

  • To perform calculations using the arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
  • To physically connect the processor to memory
  • To store data in registers temporarily
  • To manage input and output operations through program instructions (correct)

    • Which of the following best defines logical data within a computer hardware instruction?

  • Data interpreted as binary items, each having the value 0 or 1 (correct)
  • Data represented in a human-readable format such as characters or strings
  • Any numerical data type used in arithmetic operations
  • The physical location of data within the memory

    • Which type of data is not typically classified under machine instructions?

  • Logical data
  • Textual data (correct)
  • Numbers
  • Addresses

    • What component is primarily responsible for generating timing signals in a computer system?

    <p>Control circuits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When numbers are processed in a computer, which of the following types of numeric data is NOT commonly supported?

    <p>Binary Code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer's output unit, which device is typically used to send processed results to the external environment?

    <p>Printer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of registers in a computer processor?

    <p>To temporarily hold operands for processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common form of logical data in computer systems?

    <p>Strings of characters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is responsible for coordinating the actions of a computer's functional units?

    <p>Control Unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Input Unit in a computer system?

    <p>Accepting coded information from various input devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following devices is NOT typically considered as an input device?

    <p>Printer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a computer system, the function of the memory unit is primarily to:

    <p>Store programs and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of storage is typically used for temporary data storage while a program is running?

    <p>RAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classes of storage provided by the memory unit?

    <p>Primary and Secondary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digital communication facilities can provide input to a computer from:

    <p>Other computers and database servers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between assembly and high-level language?

    <p>Assembly language is a lower-level language than high-level language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of operation a computer's instructions can perform?

    <p>User interface design</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which notation involves transferring information between hardware locations represented by symbolic names?

    <p>Register Transfer Notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Register Transfer Notation, what does the expression R3 ← [R1] + [R2] indicate?

    <p>The sum of R1 and R2 is stored in R3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Assembly Language Notation?

    <p>To represent machine instructions and programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When using the instruction 'Move LOC, R1', what happens to the contents of memory location LOC?

    <p>They are unaffected by the execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is NOT involved in Register Transfer Notation?

    <p>Display units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of operations are included in the computer's instruction capabilities?

    <p>Data handling and control flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of location is symbolically named in Register Transfer Notation?

    <p>Memory locations and registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of high-level languages compared to assembly language?

    <p>They use English statements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following languages would be classified as a high-level language?

    <p>Python</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the code compactness of assembly language and high-level languages usually compare?

    <p>Assembly language is more compact than high-level language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the conversion process for assembly language?

    <p>It requires an assembler.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common challenge faced when working with high-level languages in terms of hardware access?

    <p>Difficult access to hardware components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of assembly language compared to high-level language?

    <p>Assembly language is specific to individual processor types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of using three-operand instructions in assembly language?

    <p>They require additional memory for operand addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage does assembly language have over high-level languages?

    <p>Traditionally provides better performance and accuracy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do high-level languages differ from assembly language in terms of execution?

    <p>High-level languages need to be compiled into object code.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the instruction 'Add R1, R2, R3' signify in assembly language?

    <p>Compute the sum of the contents of R1 and R2 and store it in R3.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding high-level languages?

    <p>They rely on variables and functions for programming logic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary challenge when using absolute addressing mode in assembly instructions?

    <p>It complicates the instruction set due to variable length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common limitation of assembly language coding?

    <p>RequiresDetailed Hardware Knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Load instruction do in one-address instructions?

    <p>Copies contents from memory location A into the accumulator.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of one-address instructions, what does the Store instruction imply?

    <p>The source operand is specified, while the destination is implied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sequence of one-address instructions performs the operation C←[A]+[B]?

    <p>Load A; Add B; Store C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In zero-address instructions, how are the operands specified?

    <p>Operands are defined implicitly using a stack structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How would the statement Y = (A+B)*(C+D) be expressed using three-address instructions?

    <p>ADD R1, A, B; ADD R2, C, D; MUL R1, R2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which instruction type stores operands in a pushdown stack?

    <p>Zero-address instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the MUL instruction in the context of the example provided?

    <p>To multiply two accumulated values and store the result.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must happen for an instruction to be executed in a processor?

    <p>It must be transformed into a compact binary pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Computer Fundamentals - Functional Units

    • A computer consists of five functionally independent parts:
      • Input unit
      • Memory unit
      • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
      • Output unit
      • Control unit

    Functional Units

    • Input Unit: Accepts coded information from human operators (keyboards, mice, joysticks, trackballs) or other computers (digital communication lines).

    • Memory Unit: Stores programs and data. Has two classes of storage: Primary (main) memory and Secondary memory.

      • Primary memory (main memory): Fast, electronic speed; programs reside here during execution; composed of semiconductor storage cells, each storing one bit. Word length is the number of bits in each word.
      • Secondary memory: Used for large amounts of data and programs accessed infrequently (e.g., magnetic disks, optical disks, flash memory). Access times are longer than primary memory.

    • Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison). Operands are brought into the processor and stored in high-speed storage elements called registers.

    • Output Unit: Sends processed results to the outside world (e.g., printers, displays).

    • Interconnection network: Provides communication between the functional units. Input and output equipment is referred to as the Input-Output (I/O) Unit

    Operations of Computer Hardware Instruction

    • Data Transfer: Moves data between locations (e.g., memory, registers).
    • Arithmetic: Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.).
    • Logical: Performs logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, XOR).
    • Conversion: Converts data from one form to another (e.g., binary to decimal).
    • Transfer of Control: Changes the sequence of instructions executed.
    • I/O: Controls Input/Output operations

    Instructions and Instruction Sequencing

    • Instruction set: The vocabulary of commands understood by a given architecture. Computers must have instructions capable of performing data transfers, arithmetic and logic operations on data, program sequencing and control, and I/O transfers.
    • Instruction types:
      • Three-address: Contains addresses of three operands (A, B, C). C is the destination for the operation.
      • Two-address: Contains addresses for one or two operands. Operands can also be the destination.
      • One-address: The operand is implied (often in an accumulator).
      • Zero-address: Operands are implicitly located in a stack (e.g., push, pop).

    Addressing Modes

    • Register Addressing: Operands are stored in registers
    • Direct/Absolute Addressing: Uses the memory address to access the operand
    • Immediate Addressing: Operands are included directly in the instruction.
    • Indirect Addressing: Memory location containing the address of the operand is used.
    • Register Indirect Addressing: Register contains the address of the memory location.
    • Displacement Addressing: Register (or the PC) and a displacement value are used to find the operand's memory address.
    • Relative Addressing: Program counter (PC) is the referenced register.
    • Base Register Addressing: Memory address, referenced register, and displacement are combined.
    • Index Addressing: Memory address and the referenced register provide the operand.
    • Autoincrement Addressing and Autodecrement Addressing: Register content is updated before/after addressing.
    • Stack Addressing: Operands are stored on a stack, access implicit

    Encoding of Machine Instructions

    • Instructions must be encoded in a compact binary pattern to be executed.
      • OP code: Specifies the operation.
      • Operands: Used for data or addresses within the instruction.

    Interaction Between Assembly and High-Level Language

    • Assembly language uses symbolic names for instructions.
    • High-level languages use English-like statements, easier for humans to write and read.
    • A compiler translates high-level language into assembly language, which is then translated to machine code. Assembly language is processor-specific, and high-level language is not.

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    Related Documents

    UNIT 3 Computer Fundamentals PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the five essential functional units of a computer. It includes details on the input unit, memory unit, arithmetic and logic unit, output unit, and control unit. Understand how these components interact to form the basis of computer operations.

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