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Questions and Answers
What is the role of the control unit in a computer system?
What is the role of the control unit in a computer system?
Which of the following best defines logical data within a computer hardware instruction?
Which of the following best defines logical data within a computer hardware instruction?
Which type of data is not typically classified under machine instructions?
Which type of data is not typically classified under machine instructions?
What component is primarily responsible for generating timing signals in a computer system?
What component is primarily responsible for generating timing signals in a computer system?
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When numbers are processed in a computer, which of the following types of numeric data is NOT commonly supported?
When numbers are processed in a computer, which of the following types of numeric data is NOT commonly supported?
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In a computer's output unit, which device is typically used to send processed results to the external environment?
In a computer's output unit, which device is typically used to send processed results to the external environment?
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What is the primary function of registers in a computer processor?
What is the primary function of registers in a computer processor?
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Which of the following is NOT a common form of logical data in computer systems?
Which of the following is NOT a common form of logical data in computer systems?
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Which of the following components is responsible for coordinating the actions of a computer's functional units?
Which of the following components is responsible for coordinating the actions of a computer's functional units?
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What is the primary role of the Input Unit in a computer system?
What is the primary role of the Input Unit in a computer system?
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Which of the following devices is NOT typically considered as an input device?
Which of the following devices is NOT typically considered as an input device?
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In a computer system, the function of the memory unit is primarily to:
In a computer system, the function of the memory unit is primarily to:
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Which type of storage is typically used for temporary data storage while a program is running?
Which type of storage is typically used for temporary data storage while a program is running?
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What are the two classes of storage provided by the memory unit?
What are the two classes of storage provided by the memory unit?
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Digital communication facilities can provide input to a computer from:
Digital communication facilities can provide input to a computer from:
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Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between assembly and high-level language?
Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between assembly and high-level language?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of operation a computer's instructions can perform?
Which of the following is NOT a type of operation a computer's instructions can perform?
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Which notation involves transferring information between hardware locations represented by symbolic names?
Which notation involves transferring information between hardware locations represented by symbolic names?
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In Register Transfer Notation, what does the expression R3 ← [R1] + [R2] indicate?
In Register Transfer Notation, what does the expression R3 ← [R1] + [R2] indicate?
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What is the primary purpose of Assembly Language Notation?
What is the primary purpose of Assembly Language Notation?
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When using the instruction 'Move LOC, R1', what happens to the contents of memory location LOC?
When using the instruction 'Move LOC, R1', what happens to the contents of memory location LOC?
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Which of the following components is NOT involved in Register Transfer Notation?
Which of the following components is NOT involved in Register Transfer Notation?
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What type of operations are included in the computer's instruction capabilities?
What type of operations are included in the computer's instruction capabilities?
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Which type of location is symbolically named in Register Transfer Notation?
Which type of location is symbolically named in Register Transfer Notation?
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What is a primary characteristic of high-level languages compared to assembly language?
What is a primary characteristic of high-level languages compared to assembly language?
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Which of the following languages would be classified as a high-level language?
Which of the following languages would be classified as a high-level language?
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How does the code compactness of assembly language and high-level languages usually compare?
How does the code compactness of assembly language and high-level languages usually compare?
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Which statement accurately describes the conversion process for assembly language?
Which statement accurately describes the conversion process for assembly language?
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What is a common challenge faced when working with high-level languages in terms of hardware access?
What is a common challenge faced when working with high-level languages in terms of hardware access?
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What is a key characteristic of assembly language compared to high-level language?
What is a key characteristic of assembly language compared to high-level language?
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What is a consequence of using three-operand instructions in assembly language?
What is a consequence of using three-operand instructions in assembly language?
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Which advantage does assembly language have over high-level languages?
Which advantage does assembly language have over high-level languages?
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In what way do high-level languages differ from assembly language in terms of execution?
In what way do high-level languages differ from assembly language in terms of execution?
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What does the instruction 'Add R1, R2, R3' signify in assembly language?
What does the instruction 'Add R1, R2, R3' signify in assembly language?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding high-level languages?
Which of the following statements is true regarding high-level languages?
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What is the primary challenge when using absolute addressing mode in assembly instructions?
What is the primary challenge when using absolute addressing mode in assembly instructions?
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What is a common limitation of assembly language coding?
What is a common limitation of assembly language coding?
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What does the Load instruction do in one-address instructions?
What does the Load instruction do in one-address instructions?
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In the context of one-address instructions, what does the Store instruction imply?
In the context of one-address instructions, what does the Store instruction imply?
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Which sequence of one-address instructions performs the operation C←[A]+[B]?
Which sequence of one-address instructions performs the operation C←[A]+[B]?
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In zero-address instructions, how are the operands specified?
In zero-address instructions, how are the operands specified?
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How would the statement Y = (A+B)*(C+D) be expressed using three-address instructions?
How would the statement Y = (A+B)*(C+D) be expressed using three-address instructions?
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Which instruction type stores operands in a pushdown stack?
Which instruction type stores operands in a pushdown stack?
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What is the role of the MUL instruction in the context of the example provided?
What is the role of the MUL instruction in the context of the example provided?
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What must happen for an instruction to be executed in a processor?
What must happen for an instruction to be executed in a processor?
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Study Notes
Computer Fundamentals - Functional Units
- A computer consists of five functionally independent parts:
- Input unit
- Memory unit
- Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
- Output unit
- Control unit
Functional Units
-
Input Unit: Accepts coded information from human operators (keyboards, mice, joysticks, trackballs) or other computers (digital communication lines).
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Memory Unit: Stores programs and data. Has two classes of storage: Primary (main) memory and Secondary memory.
- Primary memory (main memory): Fast, electronic speed; programs reside here during execution; composed of semiconductor storage cells, each storing one bit. Word length is the number of bits in each word.
- Secondary memory: Used for large amounts of data and programs accessed infrequently (e.g., magnetic disks, optical disks, flash memory). Access times are longer than primary memory.
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Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, comparison). Operands are brought into the processor and stored in high-speed storage elements called registers.
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Output Unit: Sends processed results to the outside world (e.g., printers, displays).
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Interconnection network: Provides communication between the functional units. Input and output equipment is referred to as the Input-Output (I/O) Unit
Operations of Computer Hardware Instruction
- Data Transfer: Moves data between locations (e.g., memory, registers).
- Arithmetic: Performs calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.).
- Logical: Performs logical operations (AND, OR, NOT, XOR).
- Conversion: Converts data from one form to another (e.g., binary to decimal).
- Transfer of Control: Changes the sequence of instructions executed.
- I/O: Controls Input/Output operations
Instructions and Instruction Sequencing
- Instruction set: The vocabulary of commands understood by a given architecture. Computers must have instructions capable of performing data transfers, arithmetic and logic operations on data, program sequencing and control, and I/O transfers.
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Instruction types:
- Three-address: Contains addresses of three operands (A, B, C). C is the destination for the operation.
- Two-address: Contains addresses for one or two operands. Operands can also be the destination.
- One-address: The operand is implied (often in an accumulator).
- Zero-address: Operands are implicitly located in a stack (e.g., push, pop).
Addressing Modes
- Register Addressing: Operands are stored in registers
- Direct/Absolute Addressing: Uses the memory address to access the operand
- Immediate Addressing: Operands are included directly in the instruction.
- Indirect Addressing: Memory location containing the address of the operand is used.
- Register Indirect Addressing: Register contains the address of the memory location.
- Displacement Addressing: Register (or the PC) and a displacement value are used to find the operand's memory address.
- Relative Addressing: Program counter (PC) is the referenced register.
- Base Register Addressing: Memory address, referenced register, and displacement are combined.
- Index Addressing: Memory address and the referenced register provide the operand.
- Autoincrement Addressing and Autodecrement Addressing: Register content is updated before/after addressing.
- Stack Addressing: Operands are stored on a stack, access implicit
Encoding of Machine Instructions
- Instructions must be encoded in a compact binary pattern to be executed.
- OP code: Specifies the operation.
- Operands: Used for data or addresses within the instruction.
Interaction Between Assembly and High-Level Language
- Assembly language uses symbolic names for instructions.
- High-level languages use English-like statements, easier for humans to write and read.
- A compiler translates high-level language into assembly language, which is then translated to machine code. Assembly language is processor-specific, and high-level language is not.
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Description
This quiz covers the five essential functional units of a computer. It includes details on the input unit, memory unit, arithmetic and logic unit, output unit, and control unit. Understand how these components interact to form the basis of computer operations.
