Computer Fundamentals

Hardware Components

• CPU (Central Processing Unit): executes instructions, performs calculations, and controls data flow
  • Components:
    • Control Unit: retrieves instructions, decodes, and executes
    • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs arithmetic and logical operations
    • Registers: small amount of on-chip memory for data storage
• Memory (RAM): temporary storage for data and applications
  • Types:
    • SRAM (Static RAM): faster, more expensive, and volatile
    • DRAM (Dynamic RAM): slower, less expensive, and volatile
• Storage Devices:
  • HDD (Hard Disk Drive): non-volatile, mechanical storage for data
  • SSD (Solid-State Drive): non-volatile, flash-based storage for data
• Input/Output Devices:
  • Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, Printer, Scanner, etc.

Software Installation

• Types of Software:
  • System Software: manages hardware, provides platform for apps (e.g., OS, firmware)
  • Application Software: performs specific tasks (e.g., productivity, games, utilities)
• Software Installation Methods:
  • Offline Installation: from physical media (CD, DVD, USB)
  • Online Installation: from the internet (download, cloud-based)
  • Automatic Updates: software updates itself

Data Storage

• Data Storage Units:
  • Bit: basic unit of information (0 or 1)
  • Byte: group of 8 bits, represents a character or number
  • KB (Kilobyte): 1024 bytes
  • MB (Megabyte): 1024 KB
  • GB (Gigabyte): 1024 MB
  • TB (Terabyte): 1024 GB
• Storage Devices:
  • Primary Storage: RAM, Cache, and Registers
  • Secondary Storage: HDD, SSD, and other external devices
  • Tertiary Storage: optical storage, magnetic tapes, and archives

Networking Basics

• Network Topologies:
  • LAN (Local Area Network): connects devices in a limited area
  • WAN (Wide Area Network): connects devices over a larger area
  • MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): connects devices in a metropolitan area
• Network Devices:
  • Hub: connects multiple devices, repeats incoming data signals
  • Switch: connects multiple devices, filters and forwards data packets
  • Router: connects multiple networks, routes data packets between networks
• Network Protocols:
  • TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): standard protocol suite for internet communication
  • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): protocol for transferring data over the web

Operating System Concepts

• Functions of an Operating System:
  • Process Management: manages processes, threads, and CPU time
  • Memory Management: manages RAM, virtual memory, and storage
  • File Management: manages file systems, storage, and access
  • I/O Management: manages input/output operations and devices
• Types of Operating Systems:
  • Single-User, Single-Tasking: one user, one task at a time (e.g., MS-DOS)
  • Multi-User, Multi-Tasking: multiple users, multiple tasks (e.g., Windows, Linux)
• Operating System Components:
  • Kernel: core of the OS, manages hardware and provides services
  • Shell: user interface, provides command-line or graphical interface

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