Computer Ethics and Privacy Issues
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Questions and Answers

What fundamental principle is essential for maintaining individual privacy in the context of computer ethics?

Consent is the fundamental principle necessary for maintaining individual privacy.

How does the concept of digital footprints relate to personal privacy?

Digital footprints represent the trail of data individuals leave online, which can compromise their privacy.

In what way can technology both protect and threaten personal privacy?

Technology can protect personal privacy through encryption but threatens it through surveillance and data breaches.

What role do privacy policies play in protecting user information online?

<p>Privacy policies outline how user information is collected and used, providing transparency and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is ethical awareness important in discussions about privacy and technology?

<p>Ethical awareness is important to understand the implications of technology on privacy and ensure responsible use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What have prompted the addition and amendment of laws addressing government surveillance?

<p>The development of new communication technologies and heightened awareness of potential terrorist threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How have new communication technologies impacted government surveillance laws?

<p>They have led to new laws and amendments to existing laws to address the evolving landscape of communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of amending surveillance laws in recent years?

<p>To enhance national security in response to the threat of terrorism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal concern has influenced the legislative changes surrounding surveillance?

<p>A heightened awareness of potential terrorist threats against Americans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between government surveillance laws and public awareness of terrorism?

<p>Increased public awareness of terrorism has led to more stringent government surveillance laws.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the approach to government surveillance changed over time?

<p>It has shifted from collecting data on a limited number of individuals to gathering information on a broader population.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of collecting data on as many people as possible for government oversight?

<p>It raises concerns about privacy and civil liberties as more citizens are monitored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a reason behind the expansion of government surveillance?

<p>Governments may believe that broader surveillance helps enhance security and prevent threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential risks associated with the expansive data collection by governments?

<p>Potential risks include data breaches, misuse of information, and chilling effects on free speech.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the change in the scope of surveillance reflect societal attitudes towards security?

<p>The change indicates a societal shift towards prioritizing security over individual privacy rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key data elements required to access many financial products and services?

<p>A personal logon name, password, account number, or PIN.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What risks are associated with the loss or disclosure of personal financial data?

<p>High risk of loss of privacy and potential financial loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to secure your personal logon name and password when accessing financial services?

<p>To prevent unauthorized access and protect against identity theft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the use of an account number or PIN enhance security in financial transactions?

<p>They provide an additional layer of authentication for accessing accounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential consequences can arise from failing to protect personal financial data?

<p>Consequences include financial loss and compromised personal privacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of fair information practices in relation to data privacy laws?

<p>Fair information practices are fundamental as they establish the basis for many national laws addressing data privacy and protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might different organizations or countries develop their own guidelines for fair information practices?

<p>Organizations or countries may develop specific guidelines to address unique cultural, legal, and ethical considerations regarding data usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do fair information practices affect the collection and use of personal data?

<p>These practices guide organizations to collect and use personal data responsibly, ensuring transparency and respect for individuals' privacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Can you provide an example of what fair information practices might include?

<p>Fair information practices might include guidelines for consent, data integrity, and the right to access personal information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be the consequences if organizations fail to adhere to fair information practices?

<p>Failure to adhere to fair information practices can lead to breaches of data privacy laws, resulting in legal penalties and loss of public trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutional amendment is often cited in discussions about unlawful surveillance activities?

<p>The Fourth Amendment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what ways do surveillance activities challenge individual privacy rights?

<p>Surveillance activities may intrude on personal privacy and collect data without consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'Fair Information Practices'?

<p>Fair Information Practices refer to guidelines that govern the collection and use of personal data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ongoing debate is highlighted regarding government surveillance and public safety?

<p>The debate revolves around whether surveillance enhances safety or undermines privacy rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have there been repeated judicial challenges against government surveillance activities?

<p>Judicial challenges arise due to concerns about potential violations of constitutional rights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Teenagers spend an average of less than nine hours daily on screens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most laws aimed at protecting children online have been deemed constitutional under the First Amendment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electronic surveillance activities are governed by various laws.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is a significant concern regarding children being exposed to inappropriate materials online.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only a few laws have been enacted for the protection of children against online threats.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Expansive data collection by governments is primarily aimed at improving individual privacy rights.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The significance of fair information practices includes guiding how personal data is collected and used.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Repeated judicial challenges against government surveillance activities indicate a strong public concern for individual privacy rights.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Government surveillance laws have remained unchanged despite advancements in communication technology.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of fair information practices could include the requirement of user consent before data collection.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The government has a limited capacity to store data about its citizens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many countries have created their own unique guidelines and referred to them by different names.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Data storage by the government includes information about various agency proceedings.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All organizations adhere to the same set of guidelines without variation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Only large corporations have the ability to store personal data about individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of the government to store data is irrelevant to personal privacy concerns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The development of guidelines by countries and organizations is a response to universal needs.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The names given to the guidelines by various organizations and countries are always consistent.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The extent of governmental data storage about individuals is always transparent to the public.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The guidelines developed by organizations can influence individual privacy standards.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyberloafing costs U.S. businesses an estimated $90 billion a year.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveys have shown that the least productive workers spend more than 60 percent of their time cyberloafing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Many organizations have developed policies to discourage the use of IT in the workplace.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cyberloafing is defined as using the internet for work-related purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Policies implemented by organizations can help reduce the risk of harassment lawsuits related to cyberloafing.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Advanced surveillance technology does not include camera surveillance.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Stalking apps can be installed on a smartphone to enable location tracking and access to private communications.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Information collected by spying applications can only be accessed by the device user.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The integrated microphone of a smartphone can be activated remotely for surveillance purposes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Apps like Mobile Spy and FlexiSPY are examples of traditional security software.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Surveillance technology has made it more difficult for individuals to track others without their knowledge.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The use of stalking apps is limited to professional surveillance agencies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spyware can monitor activities such as call logs and text messages on a smartphone.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Computer Ethics

The field of study that examines the moral and ethical issues related to computers and their use in society.

Computer Society

The study of the impact of computers on society, including its social, economic, and political consequences.

Privacy

The right to control access to and use of personal information.

Data Privacy

The collection, use, storage, and disclosure of personal information about individuals.

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Information Self-Determination

The ability of individuals to control their own information and how it is used.

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Personal Logon Name

A unique combination of letters and numbers that you use to access your online financial accounts.

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Password

A secret code used to verify your identity when accessing online accounts.

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Account Number

A series of numbers used to identify your specific financial account.

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PIN

A personal identification number (PIN) is a secret code, usually 4-6 digits, used to access your financial accounts, such as ATMs or debit cards.

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Loss or Disclosure of Personal Financial Data

Unauthorized access to your personal financial information can lead to serious financial losses and identity theft.

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Government Surveillance

The practice of monitoring or observing individuals or groups, often without their knowledge or consent, to gather information or prevent illegal activity.

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Communication Technologies

The use of technology, especially computers and the internet, to communicate, store, and access information.

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Terrorist Threats

The potential threat of violence or harm, particularly from individuals or groups who seek to disrupt or destabilize society.

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Legal Amendments

New laws and regulations are created or existing ones are modified to reflect changes in technology or societal needs.

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Law Amendments

The process of reviewing, revising, or updating existing laws or regulations to address new issues or circumstances.

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Broadened Surveillance

The practice of collecting information on as many people as possible, even if it's not directly related to a crime or investigation.

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Shift in Surveillance Scope

The shift from targeted data collection on specific individuals to gathering data on a vast number of people.

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Data Collection on Everyone

Collecting information about individuals, regardless of whether they are suspected of wrongdoing.

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Increased Surveillance Power

The expansion of government surveillance capabilities to include more people and activities.

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Surveillance Expansion

The change in government surveillance from specifically targeting individuals to collecting data broadly on large populations.

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Fair Information Practices

A set of guidelines that determine how personal data is collected and used.

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Right to Privacy

The right to control access to and use of personal information.

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Data Protection Laws

Regulations and laws that protect individuals' personal data from misuse.

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Transparency in Technology

A process of revealing and discussing the potential risks and benefits of using technology.

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Variations in Fair Information Practices

Organizations and countries have created their own sets of fair information practices, often with different names.

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Foundation for Data Laws

Fair information practices serve as the foundation for many national laws that address data privacy and protection.

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Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)

Access to government records in the United States is governed by the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA).

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Requesting Government Records

The FOIA allows individuals to request access to documents and records held by federal agencies and departments.

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Varied Data Protection Guidelines

Different organizations and countries have created their own guidelines for data privacy and protection, often calling them by different names.

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Foundation of Data Protection Laws

These guidelines serve as the foundation for many national laws that focus on protecting data privacy.

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Access to Government Records (FOIA)

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) in the United States allows individuals to request access to documents and records held by federal agencies.

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Government Data Storage

The government's ability to store a vast amount of information about individuals and its operations.

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Government Data Collection

The government's ability to collect information on a massive scale, encompassing individuals and activities.

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Government Transparency

The practice of making information about government activities and operations available to the public.

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Cyberloafing

The act of using company resources (computers, internet, etc.) for personal reasons during work hours, like browsing social media, shopping, or sending personal emails.

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IT Policies

Policies implemented by companies to prevent employees from abusing company resources by cyberloafing or engaging in activities that could harm the company's reputation or productivity.

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Cyberloafing Costs

A significant amount of money lost by businesses due to employees spending time on non-work related activities during work hours.

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Cyberloafing Surveys

Studies that quantify the productivity impact of cyberloafing.

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Least Productive Workers

Employees who have a lower level of productivity and are more likely to engage in cyberloafing.

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Advanced Surveillance Technology

Technologies like surveillance cameras, vehicle data recorders, and stalking apps allow for the constant tracking of individuals without their knowledge or consent.

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Stalking Apps

A type of software designed to secretly monitor someone's phone activity, including location, calls, messages, and internet browsing.

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Remote Microphone Activation

A stalking app can remotely activate the phone's microphone to listen in on conversations, even when the phone is supposedly off.

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Data Collection and Storage

Stalking apps can gather all data from the phone and send it to a remote server, accessible anytime by the user.

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Stalking App Examples

Examples of popular stalking apps include Mobile Spy, ePhoneTracker, FlexiSPY, and Mobile Nanny.

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Surveillance Accessibility

Surveillance technologies are becoming more sophisticated, enabling constant monitoring without the need for physical presence.

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Privacy Violation

The ability to track someone's location, calls, messages, and internet activities without their knowledge is a major privacy concern.

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Ethical Considerations

These advancements raise ethical concerns about the balance between security and privacy, as well as the potential for misuse of surveillance technology.

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Study Notes

Privacy

  • Privacy is a fundamental right, often considered the right to be left alone.
  • Laws, technical solutions, and policies are needed to balance personal privacy and legitimate access to data.
  • Data collection and usage policies by governments and businesses raise concerns about individuals losing control over their personal information.
  • Reasonable limits need to be set on government and business access to personal information.
  • New information and communication technologies should be designed to protect privacy, not diminish it.
  • Appropriate corporate policies are needed for privacy standards.
  • Education and communication about privacy are vital.
  • Many individuals object to data collection policies that strip individuals of the power to control their personal information.

Information Privacy

  • Information privacy encompasses communications privacy (freedom from surveillance) and data privacy (control over personal data).
  • A broad definition of privacy is the right to be left alone; this is the most comprehensive of rights and is highly valued in a free society.

Privacy Laws, Applications, and Court Rulings

  • Topics include financial data, health information, children's personal data, electronic surveillance, fair information practices, and access to government records.

Financial Data

  • Individuals must reveal much of their financial information to use financial products/services.
  • Accessing financial products/services often requires a personal logon name, password, and/or an account number or PIN
  • Loss of financial data can lead to major privacy and financial losses.
  • Laws exist concerning fair credit reporting, rights to financial privacy, and fair and accurate credit transactions. (e.g., Fair Credit Reporting Act (1970), Right to Financial Privacy Act (1978), Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (1999))

Health Information

  • Electronic medical records are now widespread.
  • Individuals are increasingly concerned about the erosion of privacy surrounding their health information.
  • Data from health records is often accessed and shared by multiple organizations.
  • Employees, schools, insurers, law enforcement and marketing firms may access and use health data.

Children's Personal Data

  • Teenagers spend significant time on various digital platforms (TV, video games, social media, internet).
  • Many worry about protecting children from inappropriate content and online predators.
  • Few laws exist specifically to protect children online, and those that do are often challenged due to the First Amendment.

Electronic Surveillance

  • Government surveillance, in various forms, including electronic surveillance, is growing.
  • Recent years have seen new and amended laws in response to technological advancements concerning communication and terrorist threat concerns.
  • Surveillance's reach has drastically increased, collecting huge amounts of data.
  • Some argue that surveillance activities violate constitutional rights, specifically the Fourth Amendment.

Fair Information Practices

  • Fair information practices refer to a set of guidelines aimed at regulating the collection and usage of personal data.
  • Various organizations and countries define and use their own versions of fair information practices.
  • Fair information practices often form the basis of many national data privacy and protection laws.

Access to Government Records

  • The U.S. government has extensive data storage capabilities on individuals and their activities.
  • The Freedom of Information Act allows the public access to certain government records.
  • The Privacy Act aims to prevent the government from concealing record-keeping systems.

Consumer Profiling

  • Businesses and online platforms collect consumer data through various methods (web registrations, surveys, social media, contests).
  • Cookies and tracking software are used to identify and analyze browsing habits, interests, and preferences.
  • Companies use data to create detailed profiles and personalize ads/offers.
  • The methods used to collect data raise concerns about whether consumers knowingly grant permission.
  • Data can be shared with other enterprises or sold without the customer's knowledge.

Electronic Discovery

  • Electronic discovery refers to gathering, preparing, reviewing, and producing electronically stored information for use in criminal and civil proceedings.
  • Courts often compel parties to share electronic data which may include personal information.

Workplace Monitoring

  • Cyberloafing involves using internet for non-work activities, costing U.S. businesses billions yearly.
  • Many employers implement IT policies to limit cyberloafing, but also to protect themselves from lawsuits arising from employee abuses.

Advanced Surveillance Technology methods

  • Technology facilitates constant, widespread tracking of individuals.
  • Surveillance devices (e.g., cameras, vehicle event data recorders, stalking apps) can record locations and collect data on online interactions and activities. (e.g., Mobile Nanny, FlexiSPY, ePhoneTracker, Mobile Spy)

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Privacy - Computer Ethics and Society PDF

Description

Explore the essential principles of individual privacy in the realm of computer ethics. This quiz delves into how digital footprints affect personal privacy, the dual roles of technology in privacy protection and threat, and the importance of privacy policies and ethical awareness in digital discussions. Test your knowledge on the evolving laws surrounding government surveillance and their societal implications.

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