Computer Basics: Hardware & Software

Hardware & Software

• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer, like a monitor, keyboard, or CPU.
• Software comprises instructions that tell hardware what to do, existing as coded information.
• Software requires hardware to function, while hardware requires software to be useful.

Computer Components

• The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the "brain" of the computer, executing software instructions.
• CPUs are typically measured in Hertz (Hz), with higher numbers indicating greater processing speeds.
• Main memory, also called primary storage, temporarily stores data and instructions for processing by the CPU.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

• RAM is a volatile form of main memory, meaning data stored within it is lost when the computer is powered off.

Secondary Storage

• Secondary storage, like hard drives, CD-ROMs, and USB drives, provides non-volatile storage, meaning data persists even after the computer is turned off.

Operating System

• An operating system manages various aspects of a computer system, providing a user interface, managing applications, controlling files, and managing memory.

User Interfaces

• Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides a visual environment with windows, icons, menus, and a pointer for easy interaction.
• Command-Line Interface (CLI) requires users to input commands through text, typically used in older or less powerful computers.

Input Devices

• A scanner captures images or documents.
• Digital Cameras capture still images and store them on internal memory cards.
• Video Cameras capture moving images.
• A Webcam provides real-time video input, often used for communication.
• A microphone converts sound into electrical signals for processing.

Output Devices

• CRT Monitors display text and images, though they're becoming less common due to bulkiness and weight.
• Flat-Screen Monitors (LCD/TFT), are lighter, thinner, and provide good image quality.
• Digital Projectors display images onto larger surfaces, such as screens or walls.
• Loudspeakers convert electrical signals into audible sound waves.

Data Storage

• Main memory (RAM and ROM) stores data temporarily.
• Backing storage is the name for non-volatile storage devices, including hard drives and CD-ROMs, which store data permanently.

Backups

• Backups create copies of data to prevent loss in case of hardware failure or data corruption.
• Regular backups are essential for businesses and individuals alike.
• Backup data should be stored in a secure location, ideally off-site.