Computer Basics and Information Systems

• Topic 1: Computer Basics will be covered.

Learning Objectives

• Define an information system.
• Outline the elements of an information system.
• Understand the key components of an information system: hardware and software.
• Differentiate between computer hardware and software.
• Distinguish between the types and categories of computers.
• Differentiate between different hardware components.
• Describe software types and roles.
• Evaluate the role of computers in society and business.
• Cite examples and evaluate the potential risks of computer abuse.

Defining an Information System

• An information system is a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making and control in an organization.
• An information system consists of combinations of hardware, software, and telecommunications networks used to collect, create, and distribute useful data, typically in organizational settings.
• An information system has interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an organization.

Components of an Information System

• The main components of an information system are hardware, software, data, people, and processes.
• Hardware, software, and data are categorized as "Technology," while people and processes are categorized as "Non-Technical."
• Networking is the 6th component, categorized as hardware + software.

Defining a Computer

• A computer is a programmable digital or electronic device.
• It uses instructions from its own memory.
• Can capture data, process it according to specific rules/algorithms, produce/display processing outcomes (output) for the user, and store results for future use (storage).

Programmable Device

• Programming can be defined as teaching how to perform a task.
• Computer instructions are known as programs, code, or software and are taught via written instructions.
• Instructions to humans can be communicated in languages such as English, IsiXhosa, and Afrikaans.
• Instructions to a computer can be written in languages such as C#, C++, JAVA, and Python.

Using Instructions from Memory

• A key feature of computers is their ability to store and execute instructions (code/programs) when required.
• One doesn't have to write the same instructions every time to perform a specific task.
• Software is a set of instructions (programs).
• Software used to perform tasks like managing banking information is known as Application Software, Applications, or Apps.

Accepting Input

• Computer input includes instructions and data.
• Data is raw facts.
• A computer is an electronic device that enables users to insert and store data in a storage device (hard drive).
• Computers process data using installed software from memory, and produce information.
• Information is data that is processed and structured for easy understanding.
• Computers must display/produce output for users to use produce information.

Four Primary Operations of a Computer

• Input: Entering data into a computer.
• Processing: Performing operations on data.
• Output: Presenting results.
• Storage: Saving data, programs, or output for future use.

Main Components of a Computer

• Hardware needs instructions from software to function.
• The main components are therefore hardware and software.

Hardware

• Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer.
• Hardware components can be divided into input devices, processing devices, output devices, and storage devices.
• Input devices include keyboard, mouse, scanner, web camera, and microphone.
• Processing devices include the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and Random Access Memory (RAM) module.
• Output devices include monitor and printer, speaker.
• Storage devices include Hard Disc Drive (HDD), External Hard Drive, USB Flash Drive, and Compact Disc.

The Motherboard

• The motherboard is the main circuit inside the system unit.
• All devices used with a computer need to be connected to the motherboard either directly or via a cable.
• Devices inside the system unit, such as RAM modules and CPU, are plugged directly onto the board.
• External devices connecting to the Motherboard are the keyboard, mouse, or monitor, via a port on the motherboard.
• Wireless devices connect via a receiver plugged into the USB port.

Peripheral Devices

• Peripheral devices are outside the system unit and connect to the motherboard through ports.
• Peripheral devices can be input and output devices.

Software

• All computers need software to operate and perform basic tasks.
• Software is a program stored in a computer that acts as instructions.
• Software is typically installed on the hard disk drive.
• Software is divided into two main categories: system software and application software.

System Software

• System software is used to run the computer and operates in the background at all times.
• It enables the hardware of a computer system to run application software and controls the computer.
• System software consists of the Operating system and Utility programs.

The Operating System

• It is a collection of programs that manage and coordinate activities within a computer.
• It is the most critical software installed.
• This is the first program loaded on the RAM when the boot process starts, continuing from the moment the computer starts until it displays the desktop (or log in screen). Once the login screen appears, users can use the computer and access application programs.

Utility Programs

• A utility program is software that performs specific tasks related to managing and maintaining a computer system.
• Many utility programs are integrated into the operating system.
• Functions include finding files, backing up files, diagnosing/repairing system problems, and cleaning the hard drive.
• Some examples that can be installed separately include Security programs (antivirus software) and File Recovery programs.

Functions of the Operating System

• Provides a user interface, which includes menus, icons, windows, cursor, and dialogue boxes.
• Manages the computer's resources, for example disk space, RAM, and programs.
• Performs file management: updates include the hard drive's directory with the file name and disk location, so that the file can been traceable and retrieved when needed.
• Configures all devices connected to a computer: small programs called device drivers are installed and communicate with the device.

Application Software

• These are programs that allow the user to perform tasks on a computer.
• Examples: writing letters using Microsoft Office, preparing budgets with Microsoft Excel, browsing the web with Google Chrome, listening to music through VLC Media Player, and designing projects through computer-aided design software.
• An endless list of application programs exist for any task.

Types of Computers

• Computers are generally classified into categories based on size, capability, and price.
• Categories include:
• Embedded computers
• Mobile computers
• Personal computers
• Midrange servers
• Mainframe computers
• Supercomputers

Embedded Computers

• An embedded computer is a tiny computer designed to perform specific tasks within a product.
• These perform functions depending on the requirements of their product.
• Examples include monitoring paper levels on printers, checking ink levels, and homes.

Mobile Devices

• A mobile device is a small communication device with built-in computing or Internet capability.
• Commonly used for telephone calls, text messages, viewing Web pages, taking digital photos, etc.
• Mobile phones with Internet capabilities are called smartphones.
• Gaming devices like the Sony PSP and Nintendo DSI, with Internet capabilities, are recognized as mobile computing devices.

Personal Computers

• A personal computer can be used by one person at a time.
• They are designed to fit on or next to a desk, and are referred to as desktop computers.
• Personal computers that are easily carried around are called portable computers, like a:
• Laptop computer/notebook computer
• Netbook computer
• Tablets.

Midrange Servers

• A midrange server is a medium-sized computer used to host programs and data for a small network.
• Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than a desktop computer.
• Located in a secured area and connected to company computers through a network and are used in small to medium-sized organizations such as schools, clinics. Special home servers do exist.

Mainframe Computers

• A mainframe computer is a powerful computer in large organizations that manages large amounts of centralized data.
• Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange servers.
• Located in a climate-controlled room connect through a computer network (LAN).
• They process banking programs, online banking, ATMs.
• Perform large processing tasks (typically in batches) such as payroll and billing at night.

Supercomputers

• Supercomputers are the most powerful and expensive computers available.
• They require extraordinary speed and accuracy for tasks like weather forecasting and missile guidance.
• Supercomputers typically run one program at a time as fast as possible. Mainframes on the other hand may run multiple applications simultaneously.
• Supercomputers can be built by connecting hundreds of servers into a supercomputing cluster that acts as a single supercomputer.
• South Africa's Lengau is the 496th fastest supercomputer in the world, and the fastest in Africa (2019).

Benefits of a Computer-Oriented Society

• Virtual Design: The power to virtually design, build, and test constructs, like buildings, bridges, cars, and airplanes.
• Medical Technology: Early diagnosis and effective medical treatment through robotic surgery, even remote surgery.
• Shopping: The ability to shop, pay bills, research products, and take online courses 24/7.
• Documents: Documents and photographs can be emailed in seconds.

Computers in Business

• Computers and computer networks enable businesses and models that couldn't otherwise exist.
• Such companies include Uber, Takealot, Mr D Food, and Google.
• Additional services enabled are Point of sale (POS) systems and Online job adverts and applications.
• They all enable customers to view goods online, purchase them, and have them delivered to their homes or address.

Massive Businesses

• Amazon's revenue growth in 2020 reached $570 billion (est. R9.5 trillion)
• Amazon is worth $1.49 trillion
• South Africa's national budget is R1.95 trillion

Computers in the Medical Field

• It makes technologies possible by computers, such as software interpreting hand movement or signage to language and speech.
• Other examples: Robotic Surgery, Remote surgery

Computers in Sport

• Modern athletes are faster and more powerful than ever before.
• Biomechanics technology helps athletes perfect their performance.
• High-speed cameras captures athlete movement. Software analyzes every detail for inefficiencies.
• Sensors record the energy output of the cyclist whose software processes that information and identities weaknesses.
• Diets are designed after an athletes needs.

Computers in Law Enforcement

• Surveillance systems help law enforcement catch and even prevent crimes.
• DNA analysis is responsible for solving mysterious crimes. DNA code of known persons will be stored in a data base for crime purposes.

Risks of A Computer-Oriented Society

• Security: identity theft, hacking, harmful programs
• Business: The amount of business that takes place online as well as data that ends up on databases can be misused
• Potential for data misuse (e.g. medical aid companies profiling people using health records)
• Depression and health concerns: online bullying, body shaming.
• Online Scams, dating and investment scams cost lots of money.
• Job losses brought on by modern computer technology. Jobs such as bank tellers have been affected, and adds to already high rates of unemployment.