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Questions and Answers
What is software defined as in the text?
What is software defined as in the text?
- Results
- Control signals
- A sequence of codes (or instructions) (correct)
- General-purpose arithmetic and logic functions
What is the role of the Control unit (CU) in a computer system?
What is the role of the Control unit (CU) in a computer system?
- Interpret instructions (correct)
- Implement general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions
- Read instructions from memory
- Issue control signals
What does the Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) primarily handle?
What does the Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) primarily handle?
- Read instructions from memory
- Generate control signals
- Interpret instructions
- Implement general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions (correct)
What is the purpose of the Input/Output (I/O) units in a computer system?
What is the purpose of the Input/Output (I/O) units in a computer system?
What does the Memory (MM) unit do while data, code, and results are being processed?
What does the Memory (MM) unit do while data, code, and results are being processed?
In the Instruction Cycle, what is the purpose of the Fetch step?
In the Instruction Cycle, what is the purpose of the Fetch step?
What are the two ways to build a system that performs a specific computation on some input data?
What are the two ways to build a system that performs a specific computation on some input data?
How is the type of computation specified in special-purpose (customized) hardware?
How is the type of computation specified in special-purpose (customized) hardware?
What is the advantage of general-purpose hardware over special-purpose hardware?
What is the advantage of general-purpose hardware over special-purpose hardware?
What is the role of the instruction interpreter in the program concept?
What is the role of the instruction interpreter in the program concept?
What is the fundamental principle behind the Von Neumann architecture?
What is the fundamental principle behind the Von Neumann architecture?
According to the Von Neumann architecture, how are the contents of memory addressed?
According to the Von Neumann architecture, how are the contents of memory addressed?
What type of operations are involved in the Execute Cycle of a CPU?
What type of operations are involved in the Execute Cycle of a CPU?
During the Fetch Cycle, where does the CPU retrieve the next instruction from?
During the Fetch Cycle, where does the CPU retrieve the next instruction from?
Which component of the Hypothetical Machine is responsible for storing the current instruction being executed by the CPU?
Which component of the Hypothetical Machine is responsible for storing the current instruction being executed by the CPU?
What is the purpose of the Control Unit in a CPU?
What is the purpose of the Control Unit in a CPU?
In which cycle does the CPU actually perform arithmetic or logical operations on data?
In which cycle does the CPU actually perform arithmetic or logical operations on data?
What does the Accumulator (AC) do in the Hypothetical Machine?
What does the Accumulator (AC) do in the Hypothetical Machine?
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Study Notes
Von Neumann Architecture
- Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory.
- The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to the type of data contained there.
- Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless modified) from one instruction to the next.
Program Concept
- There are two ways to build a system that performs a specific computation on some input data:
- Special-purpose (customized) hardware: logic components are connected and configured specifically to perform a particular computation.
- General-purpose hardware: logic components are connected to form a general-purpose hardware that gets configured using a set of input control signals.
Computer Components
- Each computer component takes some part in implementing the "s/w programming" approach:
- Control unit (CU) acts as instruction interpreter.
- Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) implements general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions.
- Both CU and ALU constitute most of central processing unit (CPU).
- Data/codes get into system, and results get out through input/output (I/O) units.
- Data, code, and results are stored temporarily while being processed in main memory (MM) unit.
Instruction Cycle
- Two steps:
- Fetch: CPU reads instructions from memory, one at a time.
- Execute: CPU executes instructions.
Fetch Cycle
- Program Counter (PC) holds address of next instruction to fetch.
- Processor fetches instruction from memory location pointed to by PC.
- Increment PC.
- Instruction loaded into Instruction Register (IR).
Execute Cycle
- Processor-memory: Data transfer between CPU and main memory.
- Processor-I/O: Data transfer between CPU and I/O module.
- Data processing: Some arithmetic or logical operation on data.
- Control: Alteration of sequence of operations (e.g., jump).
Hypothetical Machine
- Opcode: 15 bits, used to specify the operation to be performed.
- Address: 15 bits, used to specify the location of the data in memory.
- Instruction Format: Opcode (15 bits) + Address (15 bits).
- CPU Registers:
- Program Counter (PC)
- Instruction Register (IR)
- Accumulator (AC)
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