Computer Architecture Basics
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Questions and Answers

What must happen with several units in an abstract view concerning the type of instruction?

  • They must be controlled accordingly. (correct)
  • They must function without control signals.
  • They must operate independently.
  • They must be removed entirely.

    • In the instruction 'add x5, x6, x7', which register is the result stored in?

  • x7
  • x5 (correct)
  • x6
  • Both x6 and x7

    • What control signal is likely activated for a branching instruction?

  • RegWrite
  • ALUOperation
  • MemWrite
  • Branch (correct)

    • What operation corresponds with the signal 'MemRead'?

    <p>Reading data from memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option reflects a key function of the ALU in relation to processing instructions?

    <p>It performs arithmetic and logical operations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stored in the destination register during the Write Back stage if an R-type instruction is executed?

    <p>ALUout content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage is data read from the memory location stored into the destination register?

    <p>Write Back</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the Program Counter (PC) after a conditional branch instruction is processed if the condition is false?

    <p>It is incremented by four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many time slots are specified in the fetch-decode-execute cycle described?

    <p>Five</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the next address written into the Program Counter (PC) during instruction execution?

    <p>Two adders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of the process is instruction decoding carried out?

    <p>Instruction Decoding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of instruction will lead to the storing of ALUout in the destination register during the Write Back stage?

    <p>R-type Instruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs in the Memory Access stage of the instruction cycle?

    <p>The data is fetched from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ALU in the context of memory-reference instructions?

    <p>Calculate addresses for load and store instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ALUSrc control line in a RISC-V processor?

    <p>To select the second operand for the ALU operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a RISC-V processor, what does the MemtoReg control line do?

    <p>It decides if the data to be written back is from memory or the ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions is associated with arithmetic-logical instructions?

    <p>Writing the output from the ALU into a register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the output of the MUX3 when the branch condition is true?

    <p>The new program counter value calculated using offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What operation is performed during a conditional branch instruction?

    <p>Computation of the next instruction address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a load instruction, which of the following steps is completed after accessing memory?

    <p>Load the retrieved data into the destination register</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is responsible for generating the immediate value in the RISC-V architecture?

    <p>Imm Gen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When executing a store instruction, what is the required action performed by the processor?

    <p>Calculate an effective address using the ALU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Register File in this RISC-V implementation?

    <p>To provide read and write access to data registers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which formula is used to calculate the new program counter (PCnew) in a conditional branch instruction?

    <p>PCnew = PCpre + Signed offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which operation does the ALUOperation control line specifically determine?

    <p>The type of ALU operation to perform</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which signal correctly indicates that a memory write operation should be performed?

    <p>MemWrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a characteristic of memory-reference instructions?

    <p>They perform arithmetic operations directly on data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is primarily utilized to route the data between different paths in this RISC-V design?

    <p>MUXs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subset of instructions requires access to memory for writing data?

    <p>Store instructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the instruction 'auipc' accomplish in RISC-V?

    <p>It adds an immediate value to the PC and stores the result in a register.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the PC is set to 0x00000008 and the immediate value is 0x10000, what will be the value in the register after executing 'auipc x11, 0x10000'?

    <p>0x10000008</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating the relative address using 'Base address – PCpresent'?

    <p>To find the immediate value for the 'auipc' instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two parts that the relative address is divided into when using 'auipc'?

    <p>Upper 20 bits and Lower 12 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the final value of x10 after executing both 'auipc x10, 0x10000' and 'addi x10, 0x018' given the initial conditions provided?

    <p>0x10000020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of addressing does 'auipc' facilitate in the context of RISC-V?

    <p>PC-relative addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the given example, what is the base address of num3 in the data segment?

    <p>0x10000020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What value is stored in x10 after the instruction sequence provided executes?

    <p>0x10000020</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Instruction Execution Overview

    • Five primary stages of instruction execution: Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decoding, Execution, Memory Access, and Write Back.
    • In Write Back (WB) stage:
      • R-type instructions store ALU output in the destination register.
      • Load instructions store data read from memory into the destination register.

    Processor Functionality

    • Conditional branches modify the program counter (PC) based on comparisons; otherwise, increment PC by four for the next instruction.
    • PC can be calculated using adders based on instruction requirements.

    RISC-V Addressing

    • auipc instruction: Adds upper immediate value to PC, storing the result in the destination register.
      • Syntax: auipc rd, imm[31:12].
    • Example: If PC=0x00000008 and imm[31:12]=0x10000, executing auipc x11, 0x10000 results in:
      • x11 storing the value 0x10000 008 using PC-relative addressing.

    Memory Address Calculation

    • For PC-relative addressing:
      • Compute relative address: Base address – PCpresent.
      • Split relative address into upper 20 bits and lower 12 bits.
    • Instruction sequence for address initialization:
      • auipc x10, 0x10000.
      • addi x10, 0x018.

    ALU and Instruction Categories

    • Memory-reference instructions (load/store) utilize ALU for address calculations.
    • Arithmetic-logical instructions use ALU for operation execution.
    • Conditional branches assess equality tests.

    Instruction Class Actions

    • Store instructions: Write data to memory.
    • Load instructions: Read data from memory and load into the destination register.
    • Arithmetic-logical instructions: Output is written from ALU to a register.
    • Conditional branch instructions: Adjust PC based on comparison results.

    Control Signals and Multiplexing

    • Control signals manage operation based on instruction type:
      • RegWrite: Enables writing to the register.
      • MemRead: Activates memory read operations.
      • MemWrite: Initiates memory write operations.
      • ALUOperation: Determines ALU function.
      • Branch: Controls branching based on conditions.
    • Multiplexors (MUX) guide data flow based on instruction requirements.

    Example of Branch Instruction

    • For a branch instruction beq x5, x6, label:
      • If condition met, computes PCnew as PCold + offset.
      • Otherwise, continues to the next instruction by using PCpre + 4.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the components of computer architecture in this quiz. Understand the functions of registers, memory, and the data path in processing instructions. Test your knowledge on the flow of data within a computer system.

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