Computer Architecture Basics

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Questions and Answers

What must happen with several units in an abstract view concerning the type of instruction?

They must be controlled accordingly. (correct)

They must function without control signals.

They must operate independently.

They must be removed entirely.

In the instruction 'add x5, x6, x7', which register is the result stored in?

x5 (correct)

Both x6 and x7

What control signal is likely activated for a branching instruction?

RegWrite

ALUOperation

MemWrite

Branch (correct)

What operation corresponds with the signal 'MemRead'?

Reading data from memory. Signup and view all the answers

Which option reflects a key function of the ALU in relation to processing instructions?

It performs arithmetic and logical operations. Signup and view all the answers

What is stored in the destination register during the Write Back stage if an R-type instruction is executed?

ALUout content Signup and view all the answers

During which stage is data read from the memory location stored into the destination register?

Write Back Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Program Counter (PC) after a conditional branch instruction is processed if the condition is false?

It is incremented by four Signup and view all the answers

How many time slots are specified in the fetch-decode-execute cycle described?

Five Signup and view all the answers

What determines the next address written into the Program Counter (PC) during instruction execution?

Two adders Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of the process is instruction decoding carried out?

Instruction Decoding Signup and view all the answers

What type of instruction will lead to the storing of ALUout in the destination register during the Write Back stage?

R-type Instruction Signup and view all the answers

What event occurs in the Memory Access stage of the instruction cycle?

The data is fetched from memory Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ALU in the context of memory-reference instructions?

Calculate addresses for load and store instructions Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the ALUSrc control line in a RISC-V processor?

To select the second operand for the ALU operation Signup and view all the answers

In a RISC-V processor, what does the MemtoReg control line do?

It decides if the data to be written back is from memory or the ALU Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is associated with arithmetic-logical instructions?

Writing the output from the ALU into a register Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output of the MUX3 when the branch condition is true?

The new program counter value calculated using offset Signup and view all the answers

What operation is performed during a conditional branch instruction?

Computation of the next instruction address Signup and view all the answers

In a load instruction, which of the following steps is completed after accessing memory?

Load the retrieved data into the destination register Signup and view all the answers

Which component is responsible for generating the immediate value in the RISC-V architecture?

Imm Gen Signup and view all the answers

When executing a store instruction, what is the required action performed by the processor?

Calculate an effective address using the ALU Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Register File in this RISC-V implementation?

To provide read and write access to data registers Signup and view all the answers

Which formula is used to calculate the new program counter (PCnew) in a conditional branch instruction?

PCnew = PCpre + Signed offset Signup and view all the answers

Which operation does the ALUOperation control line specifically determine?

The type of ALU operation to perform Signup and view all the answers

Which signal correctly indicates that a memory write operation should be performed?

MemWrite Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a characteristic of memory-reference instructions?

They perform arithmetic operations directly on data Signup and view all the answers

What component is primarily utilized to route the data between different paths in this RISC-V design?

MUXs Signup and view all the answers

Which subset of instructions requires access to memory for writing data?

Store instructions Signup and view all the answers

What does the instruction 'auipc' accomplish in RISC-V?

It adds an immediate value to the PC and stores the result in a register. Signup and view all the answers

If the PC is set to 0x00000008 and the immediate value is 0x10000, what will be the value in the register after executing 'auipc x11, 0x10000'?

0x10000008 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of calculating the relative address using 'Base address – PCpresent'?

To find the immediate value for the 'auipc' instruction. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts that the relative address is divided into when using 'auipc'?

Upper 20 bits and Lower 12 bits Signup and view all the answers

What is the final value of x10 after executing both 'auipc x10, 0x10000' and 'addi x10, 0x018' given the initial conditions provided?

0x10000020 Signup and view all the answers

What type of addressing does 'auipc' facilitate in the context of RISC-V?

PC-relative addressing Signup and view all the answers

In the given example, what is the base address of num3 in the data segment?

0x10000020 Signup and view all the answers

What value is stored in x10 after the instruction sequence provided executes?

0x10000020 Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Instruction Execution Overview

Five primary stages of instruction execution: Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decoding, Execution, Memory Access, and Write Back.
In Write Back (WB) stage:
- R-type instructions store ALU output in the destination register.
- Load instructions store data read from memory into the destination register.

Processor Functionality

Conditional branches modify the program counter (PC) based on comparisons; otherwise, increment PC by four for the next instruction.
PC can be calculated using adders based on instruction requirements.

RISC-V Addressing

auipc instruction: Adds upper immediate value to PC, storing the result in the destination register.
- Syntax: auipc rd, imm[31:12].
Example: If PC=0x00000008 and imm[31:12]=0x10000, executing auipc x11, 0x10000 results in:
- x11 storing the value 0x10000 008 using PC-relative addressing.

Memory Address Calculation

For PC-relative addressing:
- Compute relative address: Base address – PCpresent.
- Split relative address into upper 20 bits and lower 12 bits.
Instruction sequence for address initialization:
- auipc x10, 0x10000.
- addi x10, 0x018.

ALU and Instruction Categories

Memory-reference instructions (load/store) utilize ALU for address calculations.
Arithmetic-logical instructions use ALU for operation execution.
Conditional branches assess equality tests.

Instruction Class Actions

Store instructions: Write data to memory.
Load instructions: Read data from memory and load into the destination register.
Arithmetic-logical instructions: Output is written from ALU to a register.
Conditional branch instructions: Adjust PC based on comparison results.

Control Signals and Multiplexing

Control signals manage operation based on instruction type:
- RegWrite: Enables writing to the register.
- MemRead: Activates memory read operations.
- MemWrite: Initiates memory write operations.
- ALUOperation: Determines ALU function.
- Branch: Controls branching based on conditions.
Multiplexors (MUX) guide data flow based on instruction requirements.

Example of Branch Instruction

For a branch instruction beq x5, x6, label:
- If condition met, computes PCnew as PCold + offset.
- Otherwise, continues to the next instruction by using PCpre + 4.

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Description

Explore the components of computer architecture in this quiz. Understand the functions of registers, memory, and the data path in processing instructions. Test your knowledge on the flow of data within a computer system.

Computer Architecture Basics

Podcast Beta

Questions and Answers

What must happen with several units in an abstract view concerning the type of instruction?

In the instruction 'add x5, x6, x7', which register is the result stored in?

What control signal is likely activated for a branching instruction?

What operation corresponds with the signal 'MemRead'?

Which option reflects a key function of the ALU in relation to processing instructions?

What is stored in the destination register during the Write Back stage if an R-type instruction is executed?

During which stage is data read from the memory location stored into the destination register?

What happens to the Program Counter (PC) after a conditional branch instruction is processed if the condition is false?

How many time slots are specified in the fetch-decode-execute cycle described?

What determines the next address written into the Program Counter (PC) during instruction execution?

In which stage of the process is instruction decoding carried out?

What type of instruction will lead to the storing of ALUout in the destination register during the Write Back stage?

What event occurs in the Memory Access stage of the instruction cycle?

What is the primary function of the ALU in the context of memory-reference instructions?

What is the primary function of the ALUSrc control line in a RISC-V processor?

In a RISC-V processor, what does the MemtoReg control line do?

Which of the following actions is associated with arithmetic-logical instructions?

What would be the output of the MUX3 when the branch condition is true?

What operation is performed during a conditional branch instruction?

In a load instruction, which of the following steps is completed after accessing memory?

Which component is responsible for generating the immediate value in the RISC-V architecture?

When executing a store instruction, what is the required action performed by the processor?

What is the role of the Register File in this RISC-V implementation?

Which formula is used to calculate the new program counter (PCnew) in a conditional branch instruction?

Which operation does the ALUOperation control line specifically determine?

Which signal correctly indicates that a memory write operation should be performed?

What is NOT a characteristic of memory-reference instructions?

What component is primarily utilized to route the data between different paths in this RISC-V design?

Which subset of instructions requires access to memory for writing data?

What does the instruction 'auipc' accomplish in RISC-V?

If the PC is set to 0x00000008 and the immediate value is 0x10000, what will be the value in the register after executing 'auipc x11, 0x10000'?

What is the purpose of calculating the relative address using 'Base address – PCpresent'?

What are the two parts that the relative address is divided into when using 'auipc'?

What is the final value of x10 after executing both 'auipc x10, 0x10000' and 'addi x10, 0x018' given the initial conditions provided?

What type of addressing does 'auipc' facilitate in the context of RISC-V?

In the given example, what is the base address of num3 in the data segment?

What value is stored in x10 after the instruction sequence provided executes?

Study Notes

Instruction Execution Overview

Processor Functionality

RISC-V Addressing

Memory Address Calculation

ALU and Instruction Categories

Instruction Class Actions

Control Signals and Multiplexing

Example of Branch Instruction

Studying That Suits You

Description

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